The Doublet Method Medical Record Scrubber
The doublet method (medical record de-identifier) will accept
any plain-text file. To
demonstrate the versatility of the doublet method, and to serve
as a source of comparison with other de-identifiers, I downloaded
a public domain book from Project Gutenberg, and posted here the
de-identified output, of the entire book.
For a general guide to medical confidentiality and deidentification,
you may like to read one of my earlier publications on the topic at:
http://www.julesberman.info/confapi.htm
Project Gutenberg is a remarkable resource that publishes plain-text
versions of literary gems that have passed out of copyright. I used
Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine by George M. Gould and Walter
Lytle Pyle. This book has lots of medical terminology and vaguely
resembles the kind of text that might be included in a pathology
report. Anyone can download the same text from:
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/747
When you look at the scrubbed output in this file (below),
you will notice that there
are many blocked words.
This is a limitation of the doublet method. If you use the standard
list of doublets on any random book, you're bound to block some
innocent doublets that weren't included in the "approved" list.
The only way to get around this limitation is to try to add safe
doublets (from the text) to the "approved" list.
The strength of the doublet method is speed
(the 2.4 Megabyte book was de-identified in 3 seconds,
thousands of times faster than other de-identifiers described
in the literature).
Also, the doublet method is virtually perfect. I have never
encountered a missed identifier in text scrubbed by the doublet
method.
If you find any identifiers in the de-identified book, please
let me know. Finally, the doublet method is simple.
Examples of the scrubber working on contemporary medical
text is available at:
http://www.julesberman.info/pathol6.htm
The Perl script that I used to scrub the book is shown below,
in its entirety. In the script, "aacom10.txt" is the Project
Gutenberg file for Anaomalies and Curiosities of Medicine. The doublets
list (requried by the script) is available as a public domain
file.
http://www.julesberman.info/doublets.htm
As with all my distributed scripts, the following disclaimer applies:
The perl script for deidentifying text using the doublet method is
provided by its creator, Jules J. Berman, "as is", without warranty
of any kind, expressed or implied, including but not limited to the
warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and
noninfringement. in no event shall the author or copyright holder be
liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action
of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection
with the software or the use or other dealings in the software.
The script is distributed under the
GNU General Public License (www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt)
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
$begin = time();
open(TEXT,"doublets.txt")||die"cannot";
$line = " ";
while ($line ne "")
{
$line = $getline = <TEXT>;
$getline =~ s/\n//;
$doublethash{$getline}= "";
}
$end = time();
$totaltime = $end - $begin;
print STDERR "Time to create ";
print STDERR "the doublet hash is ";
print STDERR "$totaltime seconds.\n\n";
close TEXT;
$begin = time();
$/ = "\n\n";
open(TEXT,"aacom10.txt")||die"cannot";
open(STDOUT,">aacom10.out")||die"cannot";
$line = " "; $oldthing = ""; $state = 0;
while ($line ne "")
{
$line = <TEXT>;
next if ($line eq "\n");
#print "Original - $line" . "Scrubbed - " ;
$line =~ s/\n$//;
$line =~ s/\n/ /o;
my @linearray = split(/ +/,$line);
push (@linearray, "lastword");
foreach $thing (@linearray)
{
$originalthing = $thing;
$thing = lc($thing);
$thing =~ tr/a-z\'\-//cd;
if ($oldthing eq "")
{
$oldthing = $thing;
$originaloldthing = $originalthing;
next;
}
$term = "$oldthing $thing";
if (exists($doublethash{$term}))
{
print "$originaloldthing ";
$oldthing = $thing;
$originaloldthing = $originalthing;
$state = 1;
next;
}
if ($state == 1)
{
if ($thing eq "lastword")
{
print $originaloldthing;
print "\n\n";
$oldthing = "";
$state = 0;
next;
}
print "$originaloldthing ";
$oldthing = $thing;
$originaloldthing = $originalthing;
$state = 0;
next;
}
if ($state == 0)
{
if ($thing eq "lastword")
{
print "\*\.\n\n";
$oldthing = "";
next;
}
$punctuation = substr($originaloldthing,-1,1);
if ($punctuation =~ /[a-zA-Z0-9]/)
{
$punctuation = "";
}
print "\*" . "$punctuation ";
$oldthing = $thing;
$originaloldthing = $originalthing;
next;
}
}
}
$end = time();
$totaltime = $end - $begin;
print STDERR "Time following ";
print STDERR "doublet hash creation";
print STDERR " is $totaltime seconds.";
exit;
ANOMALIES and * of MEDICINE
* * * collection of rare and * cases, and of the most striking instances of abnormality in all * medicine and *, derived from an * * * * from its origin to the present *, *, annotated, and *.
* * *. *, *, *. * * *. *, *, *.
* * *.
*.
Since the time when * * * * * * * * his own * and the * * * *, the anomalous * * have been * and persistent * * *; and especially * true of the construction and functions of the human *, indeed, it was the anomalous that was * * * in the * the attention, * * that were * to develop into the body * * which we now * *. As by the aid * * * * * * * * * our vision into the * * * has emerged *, we find * * and even evidence of *. To the highest type of * * it is the * the ordinary * * * * *. * to such, no less than to the most *, * * * is of absorbing interest, and it is often * * that the * * the most * into the heart of the mystery of the ordinary. * * been said, * * * * *. * * dermoid cysts, for example, we seem to * * * the secret * of Nature, and * out into the * * of her clumsiness, and * of her * * * *, *, * tell us much of * * * used by the vital * * * * even the silent * * * upon the * * *.
* * * * * * *' * * * * *, * * *" * *, and looking at the matter * we find that it was the strange and * * * body that * * * as well as much of * attention. In the beginning, the organs and functions *, the mysteries of sex, not the routine of digestion * *, * * *, and in them *, as it were, an * * * down into * of matter and the * * * *, * them to * * * * *. * * * of primitive * * * * that has been * * * society by the *. Among the older *, such as * *, and even in the older *, * * * as well as civil and political *, * * *, and especially the aberrations of form or function * * *, * the eye * *. * * records of early *, * * began to * *, it was again the same order of * * singled out by the attention. The very * * * * * to many * * widely separated * organs of generation as * those of the brain, * of the state of mind that led to and * * of dissection.
In the literature of the past * * predominance of the interest in the curious is exemplified in the * * * * titles, in which the * * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * *, * *, *, * when medical science * * *, it was * * and rare that were thought worthy of *, * * * * illustration of the common, or of *. With all his * * *, * * * * book with references to * strange, and * *.
In our day the * seems to be *, * * any medical * is without its rare or "unique" *, * * chiefly by * of its * features. A * is invariably reported, and the insertion of such a * * productive of correspondence * discussion with * of finding a * for it.
* view of all this it seems itself a * fact that there has never been any * * of medical *. * have been most * that numerous * * into existence in response to such a * *. * * * appears to be the first * to classify * * the literature of this * has been * purpose to * * and to * * the records of the most *, bizarre, and * that are found in medical literature of all ages * * * *. It will be readily seen * a collection must have a function far beyond * * * *, even if * * * * * *" *, as we *, * * * * * all such cases in the literature of Medicine *, *, *, *, *) * show the * * * * from the ordinary, * * the future clinician and * must have use for * * decides whether his own strange case has * * * *. He will thus be * * * * of his statements and the accuracy of his *, to know * * * * * *, and by * * * * * * * * * to what * tissues and * be damaged * * death, and thus the surgeon * to proceed to his * with greater * * * * as to the issue. If a * * * play the part of a successful * * *, certainly a * surgeon may * entering the * * *. * * portions of an * *, *, parts of the liver, or the brain * be lost *, and the patient * *, the physician is * * * * *, and that if possible to arrest * these organs before their total destruction, the prognosis * * acquire new and more * *.
Directly or * * * * have also * * * * *; in fact, it must * that much of the importance of medical * in a * comprehension of the anomalous and rare * *. * * * has its * * * * * of the occurrence of * *, * * deviations from the natural. * * should be able to maintain * * by a * * * to any * * * * by his *; and it is only by an * * * * anomalies that an authority * * can hope to substantiate * * *. In every * * he is closely * * * * dose of the drug in question that has been * *, and the smallest dose that has killed, and he * to have the cases of * * * * * * *. * * with a child * *' gestation may be saved the loss of * * * * * cases in which * * * *' *; * * of the viability of a * * may alter the disposition of an *; * * * * * * on the * without external * * * * * *; and so it is with many other cases of * *.
It is * that in * * * * * * in our * for the * so often * * of our * * and peculiar * * *, also, to enter a mild * against the modern * * * * with a * * * * * * and reports of * and physicians, * they lived hundreds of years ago. We are * of the power * by the * * * past, but as applied to early *, * suggest that * may easily be too *. * *, * * a monster, we may * * *, * *, * *, and make * * * * * * * *, coupled with the * * * * *; but when he describes in his own * * * * * have seen on the * or in * *, we think, * * *, * * *. For the rest, * * not that the modern * * be mild, * as much of a * as his * * if we find * instances that are essentially * * * reported in * journals or books, and * * *. In our * we have *, * as possible, to cite * cases from the older * * more recent *.
* * suggests the question of * in general. * * hardly be said that the * * * have usually * * * *, * * * * have many times proved that * *, * * in most *, * * * *, * *, a scientific * * and if it is so with *, * must be the * * based upon * * *? It is * for us to guarantee the * * *. If we have been * certain of *, * not even have * * * *. * * do no more with apparently * *, * * * men, than to cite author and source and * * *, * * * must end.
* * * * * * * never to end was in * out the enormous * requisite for a * that we had omitted no * that might lead * *, * * *. Choice in * *, of course, * * * *, and especially * the present, there is considerable * * * with the purpose of * * results in one *. * *, it may be said that several years of * have been spent by us in the great * * * United States and * in collecting the material *. *, * of this, * * errors are to *, we shall be grateful to have them pointed out. It must * that limits of space * * * of the cases, and the prime object of the whole * been to * collect and group the * *, and allow the reader to form his own conclusions * his own *.
As the entire labor in the preparation of the * *, from the * of the idea to the completion of the * * * the personal work of the authors, it is * * of the authenticity of the reports * * material is presented.
* references are given to those * that are * unknown or unique, or that are worthy of * or further *. To prevent * * the book with *, in those instances in which * a number of cases of the same nature, and a description * been thought *, * * * * are but * * * * *. * * * * * * has been added at the end * *. * contains the most important sources of *, and each * * * * has its own *, * used in its * * through the book *, * *, *; the New * * *; * * * * * * * that every effort has been made to * * * group the thousands of cases contained in * * * of no small proportions in itself), a * index is a practical * for the full * * is essentially a *, and consequently * * *, in which may be found not only the subjects * and numerous *, but also the * the authors of the most important *. A table of * * *.
* assume the responsibility for * * *, certain abbreviations, and the occasional substitution of * * *, fractions, and *, * * * space, and in some cases to more * * * *. From the variety of the reports, * * * * is almost *.
As we * * increasing our data, we shall be * to receive information of any * * * *, either of the past or in the future.
For many * * * * * * * * * *, among others, to acknowledge our * * * to the officers and * * * * * *, *, * Library of * * * * * *, * Library of the *, * Library of the * * *, * * * * * * *, * *, and the Library of the * * * *. * * *. *. *, *, * *. *.
* TABLE OF *.
* * *. * * *.
*. * * *.
*. * * *.
*. * *.
*. * * *.
*. * * *.
*. ANOMALIES OF *, SIZE, AND DEVELOPMENT *.
*. * *.
*. PHYSIOLOGIC AND FUNCTIONAL * *.
*. * ANOMALIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK *.
*. * ANOMALIES OF THE EXTREMITIES *.
*. * ANOMALIES OF THE THORAX * * *.
*. * ANOMALIES OF THE GENITOURINARY * *.
*. * * * *.
*. * TYPES AND INSTANCES OF DISEASE *.
*. * * *.
*. * * AND MENTAL * *.
*. * * *.
lastword lastword ANOMALIES AND * OF MEDICINE.
* *.
* *.
* * * been of interest, not only to the student of medicine, but to the * as well. In * * were many * * * *, all of * the era of physiologic *, were of *. * * to be the natural * * of the * * *, * * * * * * was to be *; * * * deleterious to the whole * *, as, for * the older * we find that * *: * * of a woman in this state, * will become *, * * * by her * *, * * * plants are * up, and the fruit will fall * * * * * *" * * says that the * * * * * about the fields * the vegetation * worms and *. * *, * blood was believed to be so * * * * of a * * * * * * * * * *. Among the indigenous * * * * * that one of the *, * * * * lying on his * * * *, * *, and died of * * * *. *, * * during this * * * * anything that * *. * said that * * of a * * * take the * out of *, and the next * * in it would be * * a man who * * * a tree * * * because a * * * * * *. * that the * * by the * * * * corresponds with the * * * *. * the time of menstrual * * obliged to *, and in most instances to occupy * *, * * * are forbidden to prepare * for anyone *. It was believed that, were a * * * * * *, * *, or a *, * * would have *. * men are in the habit of making a * * * * * *" which is to the * * *" will be effective provided that no * * condition is allowed to approach the * of the official *.
* * * * the ancient * the dangers of sexual intercourse during this period, and the * many such * * * * * * * * of the * * * at this * at one time * * held in much * *.
On the other hand, in some of the * * * * regarded as *, and the first * * * * * * * * * in order that the first * might not be *, *, because it was * to be the * and best * *. * * * * at the present day in * * *, despite the efforts of the * * * them, and descriptions of * and their * have often been given by *.
As the advances of * * * * as to the true nature of the menstrual period, and the age of * *, the intense interest in *, and now, rather than * held in fear * *, * * * * see the results of * this period. The * * of the * * * * of the * * examples of *.
* anomalies of * * * * * much attention, and we find medical literature of all times * *. While some are simply examples of * * *, and were so * * * * *, there are many that are physiologic * * *. * * * * * the case of a young * * suffered from * *, *, instead of * through the natural * * * * on the leg for a period of *, when the * of the discharge changed to an eruption * * arm, and continued in this location for one year; * * shifted to a * on the thumb, and at the end * six months * changed, the next * being on * *; * * * for a period of two * * * * * describe a case * with the foregoing, though not * the source.
*, in a collection of physiologic * * a period of a century and a half, * * * from the skin. * has also * * of this *. * * of bloody * * in a woman * *; * *, * * but a week or a *, and the * not confined to any one *. * * * * of a case of suppression of the menstrual * * there were * contractions of the body, * * of the right *. Later on, the patient received a * the left eye * *; swelling of this *, and one * * * * from it, * * * from the skin of the nose, and * * from the skin of the fingers and from the nails.
* * * account of a healthy * *, * years of age, * * * * * * * a half years; the * * * irregular and * * hemorrhages from the * * *, * attacks of *. * * *, * * * *, and, later, * * from the * of the left breast and right *, * * * *, and finally * * * * * *. Microscopic examination of the * * * * present. There are two somewhat similar * of in * *. The first was that of a *, *, * * *' suppression of the *, * the flow from a vesicular * * *. The other case was quite peculiar, * * * *, * * from time to time through *, * of a * *, * on the breasts, *, *, * *. * records a case * * *, in which the * * the character * *. * * * instance of *, in which the ordinary * * replaced by *.
* * of a woman who, * * * *, suffered from * *, * * * on the right * *, at the age of six years, issued a * * * *. One day, while in *, * * * *. * * at the age *, and was * * in her *; * * * * * * *. * * * * * * first pregnancy, * * * *, when the * were a few days in *, * * * * from the *, *, *. As in the case * * *, * was found by microscopic examination to consist of * constituents of blood. An additional element of * this case was the occurrence of occasional * *.
* from the * in close * with the * *, we would * expect to find the * involved in cases of anomalous *, and the * * * * * in the abundance of * on record. * * instances of * * nipple; and *, * *, *, *, * *, * * are some of the * who have * * *. * * the wife * * *, an iron *, * * * * * from the breasts * * * * * necessary to receive the * * the history of a case in which the * was associated with a similar * * *, * * * an example associated with hemorrhage * *. In the * *) is an instance of * * beneath the left *. * * * * * of mammary * * *. * * case in St. * *, *, in which the * * * from the nipple and stomach. * * * there was * the case of a healthy * * * * * *, * * * * two years *, but who * * * * * from the nipples, the hemorrhage * * as to require * change of *. * * * and painful, and the accompanying * * * * *. * * * instance of * discharge from beneath the left *. * * * * by both *. * * in a * * *, * * * *; * * * a case in which there * * * by the * at the age *. * details in full the description of a case * * from an ulcer on the right * * * * *. At the time he was called to see * * * * * was called *" * * * * * * *. The right * * * *, *, the nipple prominent, and * * larger and more * than usual. * stated that the right * * * * * * left. The * * large and well *, * * * * *, * under the nipple, there was an * slightly elevated * * * * * base, and having an opening in its center * *, covered with a thin *. By removing * * * * at the base of the ulcer, drops of * * were made to *. * *, * * * to the *. * * * * * enlarged and congested, * * * * * * * inflamed and painful, the veins * * *, and there was a free discharge of * *. When the * general health * * * * *, * * * * *, and the ulcer * * *. * * * * enlarged, the ulcer * * * *, * in this manner for a few * all the accompanying * symptoms, and then * *. It was stated that the ulcer was the result of * * * * * to take an egg from a *, when the point of a * * in her breast and *. The ulcer * formed, and ultimately * * * *. * * * at the time of * of the menstrual *. The accompanying *, *, show the breast in the ordinary state and at the time of * *.
* * * instance of * from the left breast in a large, otherwise healthy, * * *, * and a half years after the birth of the youngest * * years old) * to have a discharge of fluid from * * * days before the time of the regular *. * * * from the nipple it became changed in * from a * to a bloody and to a yellowish *, * * terminating at the beginning of * flow from the uterus, * * again at the breast at * of the flow, and then * two or three * * pain of a * * occurred in the breast at *. The patient first discovered * * * * * of blood upon the * * * in the * * * traced to the breast. From an examination * that a * * * during the birth * * * had given rise to *, and for a year * * suffered from severe *, for which * * *. At this time the * * *, * * the discharge of bloody fluid from the *, * * *. The right * * * *. A remarkable feature of the case was that * of fluid * from the left * * *. * * means of * * on this subject it may be * the patient was * *, and during the * * * * she had more than the ordinary amount of *, * * from the breast *. * time the breasts had been quite normal, except for * manifested in the left * under the conditions *.
Cases of * through the eyes are frequently * by the older *. *, *, * * * * * from the eye. * * an example of * in a young * *, * * * * * * discharge of the foot. * * * in a case of a * * *, * * * * three years old. * * * *, * * * * * *, * from one to six days. At the cessation of the *, * * had a * *, and on *, when this was *, * suffered a sudden * the anterior * of the eye. The discharge * * * * on this *. * * * an example * into the vitreous * in a case of * hemorrhage has been noticed as a manifestation * * by several * *. * examples of retinal * * * * * * * says that he has seen a young * * who had a small * of blood into the * of the eye at the menstrual period, which became * * intervals of *. * relates the * a case of * * * * * opacity of the cornea. * * of a * * * * * * from the eyes, * *.
Relative to * from the ear, *, *, * * * examples. In * case the discharge * of as * *, which makes it quite possible that * a case of * disease associated with some *, and not one of true * * case was * * suppression of the *. * * instance in a woman * *, in whom * * * * several months. * * of the head and bleeding (largely from the ears), * * *, being preceded by *; but the patient * made a good *. *, * * * examples of this *. * * instance of * from the right ear * *, following a *.
Hemorrhage from the mouth of a * nature has been frequently observed associated with * *. *, *, * * * instances. The * * was that of an infant, and the case * * was associated with hemorrhages from the *, *, * *. * * * * a case in which there was recession of the gingival * * processes, the consequence of *. * * instance of * from the *, and there is on * description of a woman, * *, who had * the throat * *; later the * to be *, * four years *, * * * * *, * * ceased, and * * * * and hemoptysis. * * * woman who * from the mouth; at the * * were found in the *. * * of a * * * at the epoch * *.
Descriptions of * from the extremities are quite *. * * an example from the foot; * * skin of the hand; * from the knee; * * *; * * from the left *; * * * from the hand; and the * * * from the ankle.
* * of a very peculiar case of edema of the arm alternating with the menstrual *. * * * from the groin associated with hemorrhage from * * *. * * an example of hemorrhage * *, * *. * * the history * cases from the top of the head, and * * * *, one of which was associated with * the hand.
A peculiar * * * * * * * *, *, * *, and many examples are on record, * of which will be described. * * an excellent * * at an *, * * * he has * bleeding from the * of a * *. * * is an account of a case in the * * * *; the scar * * * and a * * *; but by placing a * about the wound, * it so that * * * could be easily detected, * * *, * * * * *. * would likely be the result * investigation of most cases of "bleeding *" * * to the * * * * *.
* * a report describing a young * * * * * with the * * of her *. The wound *, * * * * * the day preceding the *. * * of a * ulcer of the face, * two of the head. *, * * *, * * * * hemorrhage from * * * of the lips * * * *; the hemorrhage * * and could not *. At the advent of each menstrual period the lips * congested, and the * * * * *.
* * an interesting account of a sequel to an operation for * disease. Following the *, there was *, * * every month, at which time * part of the wound *, and blood * * * * days of the *. * * * by an example, the discharge * * *, * * * * instance in which * * was performed by a * *. * * * * *" * * * of the skin from a burn, with the * * * * from the * of the injury.
There are cases on record in which the * occurs by the rectum or the urinary tract. * * * by a case * * * * * * * of the * *. * * of a case of * by the rectum. * * he has seen a case * by the * vessels, and instances of * * * * * in this manner are *. * * * instance of * * *, * * * of a pregnant woman who had * flow by the urinary tract. * * * * the case of a woman * *, * * * * *; * * a period she had * from the urinary tract, which * after the * * * *. The coexistence of a * * * * may have been responsible for this hemorrhage, and * reports of * * * * * given to the existence of any other than * * we can accept the cases as true * * * * instance of a * without a *, * * * from the vagina. * * * history of a case of uterine *, with the flow * * of the cervix. There is * * * * from the labia.
The occurrence of * after removal of the uterus or ovaries is frequently *. *, *, *, * * and Foreign * * * * * * * place with * * * * * * * like the preceding * * *. * * hysterectomy and * * attributed to the * removal of the organs *, * * postmortem examination of some cases * of the functional organs in question has been found.
* is a means of anomalous *, and several * are recorded. * * * * this with *. Instances of * * * and hemoptysis are so common that * would be *. There is recorded * * * * from the region of the sternum, * * * anomalies of * must be mentioned * * * seen in a woman, who, at the menstrual * hemoptysis and oozing of blood from the lips * * there was a substitution of a great swelling of *, * * * * very difficult * * * *. * * * showing the * * discoloration of the lips.
Instances of * *, the flow * * from the ordinary passage to the breasts * *, are found * * *. * * of a woman * * * * * before the establishment of *. Cases of * * and many * * * * * *.
* * contains an instance of the simulation of * * death, and * * * * through a long *. Instances of black * * be found, described in full, in the *, * * * *, and in some of the later *; it is * an excess of iron, * for some * * cause such an alteration in the color of the menstrual *.
Suppression of * is brought about in many * ways, and sometimes by the slightest of causes, * * * * * as to * *. * * * * * of such * as contact with *, * sight of a * or mouse, * sight of *. * stroke and * * have been reported *. Many of the older * * * subjects are * * instances, and modern * are constantly *.
* * * * of blood in man, * what is called * *" * * * and are particularly interesting * * is from the penis or *, * * * to the female function of *. The older * * such instances, and * says that in * * * * * * * * the penis * * on the * as a * * * a case in a *; * * *; * *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * * *. * * * in a man. * * * * * *, *, since the age of * years and *, had had * manifestations of *. * * accompanied by * in the back and * * *, and a * discharge from *, * * in color, *, *, * *. * * that while * a course * * at the * * * * * * of a young * * * the normal * organs, but in whom the * * * * * performed. The cause *, and the * victim was the subject of *, and was * * *. He had * three years in this manner: a fluid * from the * of the deep * behind the * *; * * of the same * as the menstrual *. * * from one to two *, and the discharge * * * * days. At this time the student * * * *, of a lymphatic *, not particularly *, * * the victim of any venereal disease. The author * * of the * of this man, * * *, unknown or *.
* * in the * simulation of * by the male assumes a * * as well as * *. * *, * * *, * * * a man who once a month * great quantities of blood * right flank. * * a case of a * in the *. *, who was * by a * in the body and * had a * discharge from the urethra. * * * to the * in this case * * if the * were exposed to *, *, *, * * the ordinary symptoms of * *. * * of a man * * years old, * been the subject of a * * * *, * after his * sexual intercourse. He would * of the premenstrual *, * * * * appearance of the flow, * * when the *. He was of an * * nature, and * * up to sexual *. The flow * * * * *, * on the second, and * on the *, *, * * * * *.
Cases of * during pregnancy and * are not rare. It is not uncommon to find *, *, * *. * * * * * solely on the regular occurrence of the *, * more than he would make the diagnosis of * the fact of the suppression of *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * a similar case. The child was born * *. * * * * instance of * * * during pregnancy in a woman *, who had never been *; the child was born *. * * of a case in which * * the third month of pregnancy, * * *. * describing the birth of a * *, * * * * during the * *. * a peculiar case in which * * * * four months of pregnancy.
There are some cases on record of * after the menopause, as, for instance, that of *, of a woman who * birth to nine * up to *, * * * * only slightly * *, * * *. A year and a half * * * * * * * *. Other cases, somewhat similar, will be * the discussion of late *.
* * is seen from birth to nine * ten years. Of course, * before the third or fourth * * rare, most of the cases * * this age * * * * from the genitals, * *, and not true *. However, there * * cases of infantile * on record, * generally associated with * development in * as well. * says that the source of * is the lining membrane of the uterus; but * it as due to * of the umbilical cord * * in the pulmonary vessels is * * the consideration of this subject, we must * in mind * * * * * on the time of the * *. In the * *, * * * at an earlier age than their * of the * reports from * * early puberty of the * * *. * * * * * the age * * * * *, *, on the contrary, * * the fact that * does not appear in * * until the age of *, and then is *, and is only present in the * *.
Cases of * * within a few days after birth and exhibiting * * * * * * * * *, *, *, *, *, and the * * *. * * * * instance of * on the sixth *, * * * days, in which six or * * * * *. * * * instance in * in an infant * * of five days, which was associated with a * of the genital organs and *. * * * * at the first *; * * * * * * *; * at the third month. *, a young * belonging to * * * * *, began to * after birth, and at the first year * regular in *. At birth * * * well developed and her * * covered with hair. At the age of * * * * * * * tall, and her * * * those of a * of thirteen. * * * * *; * * * were not known. * * instance of a child two years and * * * *, * exception of three * *, * * * the fourth *. * * of a child, the youngest * *, who had a * * at the age of five * * * days and * every month until the * * at the tenth *. At the eleventh * * * * * until death, occasioned by * * * *. * * showed a * *, the lips of which were *; the left * * * size of the right, * * * * * and the * * * cite instances * at the fourth *. A case is on record of * * * at the age of six months, and * * on the * * *. *, Wall, and * * descriptions of cases at the ninth *. * * a case at the * *, * * * * * * *. Another case is that of a child, * *, * * and external genitals * * * the child had shown * * *, and did not * * of the same age in intellectual development. * * * formed and of * * * * * *, * * *, * *, * * * * at the * and had * * up to the time of reporting. * age of three years and six months * * * *, * in weight, and her * at the hip * *. * * broad and well shaped, and * * * anterior surface of the * process of one * * * the other, being a little more than the standard * *, and, in consequence of this * *, * * *. * * and labia * all the appearance * puberty, and the * * * * * *. * * * * * in her *, * * * *. A case * * the patient had the appearance of a little * *, * * of three * * were as well developed as in * * *, * * sexual organs * those of a * *. She had * * since the age of *. * describes a child * began to * * * of age and continued * *. At the age * * * was still *, * * * * *. * * *. *, * * *, * she had * on the * *. * * * * an infant * * * at the early age * months and had * * for over two years. * the features and development of a child ten or * *. The external * and the vulva in all its * * *, and the * * * covered with a full * *. * * *, *, * *, *, and several * a report * * occurring at three years of age. * * * * * who was born with the * well formed and * * on the * * as a * of thirteen * * * at three and continued to do so *, * * four days and being *. At the age of * and five * * * * *; * * *, * * *, the hair *, * *, * * the size of a large *, * * she would be able to * * at the age of * * a case at five, and * *, a doctor *, * seen a * of six years who * * * from the nose, *, * *, *, which, with the association of * * * * * *, * * to suspect *. * *, * * * * * * * *. * * * * * * at five, *, * * years; and * * * * * at ten years and five *. * was in * grade of *, * with a * * * * *, and was * * * *, *, and of low * character, as * by her *. * * * years to the ordinary * *, many cases are recorded.
Instances of * * are, as a rule, *, the individuals * * cognizant of the nature of *, * * * * * * to the nature and * of the discharge * * * * * past the *. * * on this subject have been gathered by men of *. * * * * * *.
* years of age, * years of age, * * * * * examination of cases of * women. The last * were found to be in women * * class of *.
* has made the following collection of statistics of a somewhat similar *.
* *. * * Male. Female. *. *. * * * *- *- *- *- * * seem to have been made with the idea * * * rather than to give the * of these functions. * * * * * * * show no cases of * * * *, * * * * * *; however, in * literature for such a * * * in mind that the more * * * more likely it is that it would be * of, as the * of medical * is to * the important * * * * *. * * * * * * *, and others * * * *. * * of a case * *; * *, * *, *, * *; *, * * * *; *, * * *; *, * * * * *; *, *; *, * *; *, *; *, * *; *, at one * * of all is * case, in which * * at one hundred and six years. In the * * * *, * reported cases at * * years. In * System of * * * occurring at *, *, * * * was a woman * * * * * * * to ninety *. * * * * * * *, * * * * one of a * * * from her * year to the * * death at *.
* * * describes a woman who * * * *, * remained in good health up to *, * attacks of * *, and at this late age * with abdominal *, followed by *, * for three years; the * * the next year. * * * all the * characters of the *. * * * *, * *, * * *, * * *, and at * *, and was * for four years, but had had no *. On the return of her *, * * * * * *, * * a vigorous * * * * * difficulty in * *. * * * * * * speak of * * *, * * years of age, * *.
* describes a woman * *, who on * * * * with uterine * * a few days and * * *. * * * * * * again, and * * on the 25th, * four days. Up to * of the report, one year after, * * * *. There is an * on record of a female * * * * during the period * * to her * year, the discharge, * * *. * * * instance of a woman * who had had no * * * *, but who * again the year * * *. Her mother * * similarly affected at the age of *, in the * attributable to * over the death of a *, in the * * *. * seemed to be a peculiar *. * * * says that the * * at the very advanced age of one * * * * * after a severe illness, and * new set of teeth and a new growth of hair.
* Establishment of * some cases * * * until late in life, * the same * * *. * relates the history of a * had been * many years, and * * * * * * * *. * was a * at the * had never been *. Up to the time of her *, * occasioned by a * *, in her * * had the usual * * * followed by the *. * * of a * of a * * for the first time at the age of *. * * * place at the age of *, before any * * * *, and from this time all * * * * was either * * *. * * * * years old, and ever since the * had shown * with great *. She had * * * *, fourth, and * *, * * * *. * * * a case in * did not * until the * *, * * * * to the * *. * * * of a woman, * *, who had *; * * years old she had * * * at this time * *, and at * * *. At the time of report, four years after, * free from pain and *, and her * * * *. She had been * * * * * of age. A somewhat similar case is * * * * * * children who had never had * * * are two instances of delayed * *: *, a woman * *, well formed, *, of good *, and with all the signs of * * * had never *; the second, a * * *, * throughout a healthy * * * *. * * is known to the authors of a woman * who has never *, * she is of * and development. She has been * many years *.
The medical literature relative to * * is full of * *. *, many of the * be beyond *, but when * * * * * * * we must accept the * * *, even if we * the statements of some * *. No less a medical * than the * * * * that on one occasion * * * * *, seven years old, * * * * * * he was * she could * * birth to a child; * case of the * * three and a half years old, * * of normal *, more than * *. * examples of * * * * are on record in abundance, and nearly every * * * * * cases of infantile *.
The ordinary period of female * * * * when compared with the lower animals of the same size, * viewed with cases of animal * on record. * of a * * * * which was * * * *, and at the usual period of gestation * * * * * * *, to which it * * * * both the mother and * grew up *. Compared with *, * by women of * is not *.
The earliest case of conception that has come to the *' * is a * in one of the last * * * * * * * *; but a careful search * * * failed to confirm this statement, and, for *, we must accept the statement * * * * available for *.
* * * instance of * pregnancy in a child * *. It was probably the same case * * * * * to the * *: * *, born in *, * *, * * on the * at birth, * * four, and at the age of * * * * * * *, who was sentenced to five * * *. The pregnancy * * * of a mole containing a * * * case in was in a child who had * * * * * * * when she * * * years and * *. She had all the appearance and development of a * *. * * an example of conception * *. * of a child * * early and continued up to * * *. * was a hard * and did * * *. * * * did not * * *, from first to the last. The child was a large * *, * * died in *. * * * * * *. The young * at the * * was only * years and * * *, * must have been * before the age of * * * * instance of birth in a * * *. * describes a case of a child * * * * * * *, * * to an advanced age. * * in a * * *, and as far * * * * * has become a * * * *. * * *, contains the report of the case of *, * *, * born to a * * * *.
* * * * instance of delivery in a * a little over ten years of age. There are instances of * * * * * *, *, *, * * reports from *, *, the history of what * the case of the youngest * * * * * born in * *, * and, on * was delivered of a * * * *. * had not the development of a woman, * * * * * * * year. The * * * *, and, two * *, * * * arise and * and would have done so * * * * were no * of the * * secretion of * baby was * through its * * (as it * a week) by its *, who had a child only a * *. The parents of this * * *, * * people, and there was no doubt * * *. * is now well and plays * with the * as if * had happened." * refers to a *, * * at ten years, one in * * * * *, * months, and * days, and one * * * years and three months. The first case * of infantile *, the other belonging to a much *, the menstrual * having been established but a * prior to *. All these * * *, * *, and the general * * *, * * *. It has been * * * * cases of pregnancy that one was the daughter of * *, * born in an *, and the other * * * in a house * *. The only * * statement is the greater amount of * * * * sexual intercourse to which they were * * * * more favorable * * be recognized as such.
* instance in the Journal * * * * which is but such a * as is found all * * * * * *" as it were. * a case of * in a * * *, * * several years, and others who had become * *, *, * * * *. *, * * * * *, * a child who had * * * * * *, and gave birth to a child * * when she was only ten years and * * * the time of delivery * * * * * * * *. *, who is also * * * the history of * *, * * * * * *, and was delivered of a *, * * * pounds. She had * once or * *, * * * during gestation, and had * * * * *. To complete the story, * of this * was a boy * *. One of the * * * * * * * * * of a * * *, * * * by a * who was not *. * says that he * * * * *, * * * *, who was *.
* relates the * of the case of a white * * began to * * * years and four months, and who * to an *- * * * * * * * * years and nine months *. She had an abundance * * * the child; * * * of about * *, * * * *. * * * of a *, born in * began to * * * * * months, and gave birth to a female * * * *, * * a second * * * years and * *. * * father was a white * * *.
The following are some * *: * at ten, * *, * *, * *. * * * * at ten and others * * * *; * *, *, * * upon the fetus of a * * * * * account of a * * years old, * * to a * * * * * *' *. * * * *, but the child * * * * * nursing. The lad who * * * years old. * * * * * * in a * * *. Both the mother and child *.
* * * describes a *, working in a * *, who was a * * *; * * * * * *; * in a *, * * * six months; *, * *; *, * *; *, * *, * months, and * *; *, * * * nine months; *, * * *; *, * *; *, * * years and * *, * * *; *, at the age of * * * *; another case, * * years and six * *, * *.
* * article in the * * * * *, *.
"The appearance of * is held by the great majority of * * * to be * * * * *, * * * * it is considered * * * * * * until this function is * * is that * * * at the age of * * years, but it is understood * * * * of the * * delayed until after the * *. There is, however, too much reason to * the earlier * is very *, * * * * resort to sexual intercourse * * * has occurred: it may be * as true * * is largely * under the * * in this country.
"From this practice it results that * * * at the earliest possible period of their lives. A native * * that in about per cent of * * * * * * * * * * years of age. * * caused by the first act of sexual intercourse are by * rare. They are * *, * ever and * * to light. *. * * * cases of this * the last edition of his * of Medical * *' * *. * * in the * * by the * * of the * * * * *.
* must come from * and effort, as in every other case, but meantime the strong arm of the law should be put * the protection of female children from the degradation * * * * sexual intercourse. This can easily * * raising the age of * *, which is * at the * limit of ten years. * * * * * * before the * age of * * if the * * *' * raised to that limit, * * interfere with the * * * * * * * *.
* * * * * to the * * * * * *, and during the Revolution * * *, * *. * * of a legal case in which a * years old, * * * of a living * * * * *. * * of a * * * * * years and nine months, and was delivered * *, * * before the * *; * * * *, and the mother made a * *. * thought to have had * of the abdomen," as the * * * * of about the same age who was * * * father of the child was a boy * * years of age.
* to relate, there are on record * cases of twins * born to a child *. * * a case of twins * * of thirteen; *, * *; * * * * of a young *, * * blood, at *, * * to a child * * * * and to * * * *.
In the older *, the following authors have reported cases of pregnancy before the appearance of *: *, *, * * of the kidney, *, *, *, *, *, * * *.
In some cases * * seems to be hereditary, * transmitted from mother to daughter, * about an * state of *, in which a * is a * the ordinary age of *. * says that he * * *, * "pretty good" *, * instance of * * * became a * * * *. * * record a young * * *. * of a *, * *, * * birth to * * * began to * at ten years * months and at * * *; hence the * * * * * years and nine months. She had * * * * * *, * began to * * years and six months, * * the inheritance of *, * * us at * * * * * * she may be if she lives to an advanced age. * case of this nature is that of *. *, * * * and who had a daughter * months after. * * * and in *, * birth to * *. * * *, * *, * at the birth. This case was *, as the * * *.
* in the old seems to have * * as much attention among the older * * *. * * *, of the family of *, * * * * * *, * * * *; * *, a physician * * * in a pregnancy in a woman * *, * * *" * records the history of the case of * * * * * children when past the age *. Among the older reports are those of * of a * * a child * * *; *, one at *, one at *; *, one at *; *, * * *; *, * * years; and, almost *, * * * * * * place at the * age of one hundred and three. * * of a * * * * * * children when past the age *. We would * expect to find the age of * in the northern countries where the age of * *. * * an example of * in a woman *; *, cases at *, *, * *, * *; * * * *, in a woman * * * years. There was a woman * *, * at the age of *; one at * *; and one in * * *. * * of a * * years and five * * who was delivered * * * *, * * *, * it on her *. She had been a * for twenty years, and had * * * ten years before. In St. * *, * *, is a * * * * * * * * of a woman * years old. * the case of a woman * *, who was delivered * * * by means of the forceps, and a year after * * * * * *. She had no * * * at the time and no signs of secretion. * * had been * * *, five years after * of her *, and her husband was a young * * years old.
* * * * * * years, and the * *, *, *: *. *. * was in * * * * * years, on * * *, * * to a fine *. The father of the child is * old, and the mother and child are doing *" * * died in Great * * *. * * * * age of one hundred and *, leaving a daughter of *.
* * a woman * years old * * after delivery of a child. A most * case is that of a * years old, a native * *. She had been in the * * freely in *, and, during the last six months, * *. After an unusually * * * * unable to * *; * * down by the * * she could *, and was * found by a young man who * and who proposed * * *. By the time * * * * * well advanced, * * * * to stop *; * * more than *, * * * * * * *, and the result of his * was an * * *.
* * in the aged have been reported from * *. * * * a rather * account of a * * years of age * * birth to *, * total number of children *, *, * *, * * the birth of twins in women beyond the * of the menopause, and there is a case * of a woman * who was delivered of twins.
* * completion of the * act by * of some *, such as occlusion of the vagina or * * * *, *, has been a subject * in the works of medical * of all ages; * of conception * entrance of the penis are found * * medical literature, and may have * * *. There is little doubt * * * * deposited on the genitalia * to the * of fertilization, as their power of * * of life have been well *. * * instance in which * was found * from the os * * * days after the last intercourse; and * examination of this * revealed the presence * as well as * *. We have * * * * * *, the semen * * * * * * * by a fistulous *.
*, the surgeon of the * *, * of a * * *, who was * before the * * * * on the * of her husband of her inability to * completion of the * *. * * that he * * * attempts to enter *, and in * * * *. * examination by the surgeons * * to have a dense membrane, of a fibrous *, * the vagina, which they *. * * * * * * and the usual * *, and was delivered in four months of a * * results of an * occasioned by one of * attempts at *. Such instances are numerous * older literature, and a mere * of a few * * *. *, *, * *, *, * of the follicles that bear his name, *, *, *, *, *, * *, *, * * of the circulation of the blood, *, *, *, *, *, * * * cases of conception * * *, and in which * * entrance of the penis. * has an example of * after the birth of a * * * old, and there * a case of tubal pregnancy in which the * * *.
* * * account of a case of pregnancy in an * woman, who * * an attempt at * and yet * * and gave birth to * * * *. * * was not *, * * could not have preceded the birth * * *. *, * * * * * * after the * *. * of St. * * * * of conception, in which there * closure of the vagina, * *, * at term. * made the * * * * * * * regard to a * of her *, * * * *.
* * of a woman * *, who had been * * months, and * * * * * * *; * * * and had a normal *, despite the fact that, * to a tough and * *, she had an * *. * * * * the history * cases of labor at term in females * * * *. *. * * * seen a case of * * had to be torn * * *; yet one * * *, even with this * * *, * *. * * of a woman who * * * * * *. She had been in the * * * by the urethra, and all * * * this practice.
* * of a * * * * * * it was impossible to pass the tip of the first * * account of * * membrane in the orifice, but who * * * *, to a child at full term, the * * being a few * * to permit * of the head. * * * * * * * an imperforate * *, who had * * * * and not * * *. * * * * to term, and required * * *. * at the point of usual location of the os, and one of * * followed by the flow of * *, and the * upon the artificial *, the diameter of which * * one and a half or two *; the birth * *, the child * * *.
* * * instance in which the opening * * * *; yet the patient reached the third month of pregnancy, * * * * * in a manner that could not *. * gives a case of conception in an *, * * relates the history of a case of pregnancy * * *, characterized by an extraordinary * * *. Among many, the following * * * * instances of pregnancy with * *: *, *; *, *, *, *, *; *, *, * *. * Instances in which the presence of an * * * * * * * * are quite common, and * membrane is * * * means the * * * *. Among others * cases of * * *, *, *, * *, *, *, *, *, *, * *. * There are many cases of stricture or complete occlusion of the vagina, congenital or acquired * * * delivery, and in some * * * * * cases in which the obstruction is only a * *. Often the obstruction is so dense as to * * * to divide it, and even that is not *, and the * * only can * * *; we cannot * * * * * *. * records a case of pregnancy * with congenital * of the vagina. * the successful practice of a * * * * of congenital occlusion of the vagina forming a * to delivery. * * * * * vagina in which * * was divided * * * through the rectum and anus. * * observation of complete occlusion of the vagina in a * * * * children and * for the fifth *, * * to relate, it is possible for a woman * * * of a living child and yet preserve all * * * *. * describes a woman * who was delivered without the rupture of the * * * on a similar case. We can readily see that, in * like that of *, in which * * * * * could be left intact and the product of conception * *.
A natural sequence to the subject of * * * is that of artificial *. From being a * * * *, it has been demonstrated as a * * method in those cases in which, by * * * * * on either the male or * side, the * * *. There are many * occurring in which the birth of an * is a * * in a * life. The * * * * * *, * * * efforts to bear a * the subject of public * * *, is but an * a fact that is occurring every day, and * * * * could be * by the * of some of * *.
There have been * from the beginning of the century of women * * in a *, * contact with * *, etc., and some authorities in medical * * the possibility of such an *. It is not in * of this work to speculate on what may be, but to * *, from which the reader may * * *. Fertilization of plants has been thought to have * in the * times, and there are some who believe * * * * must have * * * to it. The first * * that we have * * is that of *, who in * it without * by the * of the eggs *. *, * *, * an attempt in * *; and to *, * * * * of success. In
1780, * *, * up the success of * * * *, * * * * * *, * resembling the male. The * * * a man * * * to impregnate * * * injections of * in water with an *, and, in * of the simplicity of this method, * * followed by a successful *. Since this * * * * * * * the simple *; * *, * *, * * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, and others have used the more * * * *.
* *, * * the uterus of a *, * succeeded in * *. Those who are * * * * this subject, as regards * * *, *, * * *; * * reports in full *. One case was that of a woman, * * * *, *, * * not having * * * injections of * in water * *, and finally succeeded in * *, * * of a living *. Another case was that of a * *, who had an extra * * *, * for the absence of pregnancy. * * * *, and was finally * of a child. * * * * of a * * *, * * * * * * * wife, and had * * * * with a favorable *. This latter case * * when we consider that * * * * * have become *. * gives the instance of * * he had known for some time, * * a little below the *, as in other persons, * * * quite prominently * *, * in the forward * *. Despite the * this man could not perform the * *, * * father of three *, two of them * * *.
The fundamental condition of * being the * of a * and an ovum, the object of artificial * to further * * by introducing * directly to * of the uterus. The operation is quite simple and *: * *, having been found * *, * * * with his *, using a *. * * * * up by an * * which has * * and kept *. The os * is now * * off with some * which has been * * * *; introduced to the fundus of the uterus, * drops of the fluid * * into the uterus. * is then kept in bed on her *. This operation is * * * before or immediately after the *, and if not * at the first * * * for several months. At the present * * * * is extensively used with *. * *} The following * * * * *, * from the * * Weekly by *, is given in *, * because it * * * *, but as a * example from the * * in medicine.
*. *. * * *, *, * * * during the late * *, as follows: A * and her * *, * * * *, filled with the * *, * ready to * to the wounds of * in their * * near the scene of the * *, * between a portion of * * * *. During the * * * * * * of the * * * fell to the earth; * * time a * * * * in the house * * of the * * showed that a * * through the scrotum and carried away the left * * * * * penetrated the left side of * of the * * *, * between the umbilicus * * * * process of the *, * * lost in the abdomen. * * * an attack *, * * in two months under the *.
* to relate, * two hundred and * days after the * of the *, * was delivered * * *, * *, to the surprise of * * * of her parents and *. * * * * the young * * * on her * *. About three weeks after this remarkable * * was called to see the infant, and the * * there was something wrong with the * * showed a *, swollen, and * * * * *. * *, and extracted * * * *. The doctor, * *, * in this manner: * concluded that this * * * that had carried away the testicle of his *, that had penetrated the ovary of the young *, * * * * it, had * *. * * * * the young man and * * *; * * * * at first, * to visit the young *; * * * * * into a happy *, and the * * *, * *, in the same * as the first, * * *.
* as are all the anomalies of conception, * * * than those of * *; * * cases can be mentioned. Instances of * *, with subsequent * as a result, * * in the last * * *, *, *. Reports by modern * seem to be quite * there are several cases on record of * *, followed by *. * * * * of a woman who was * * lethargy, and * * *, though her condition was * until the fourth *, the peculiar * * * of the true nature of the * * * been thought *.
There is a record of a case of a young * of great * * * * * without the slightest knowledge of *; although, it might be *, such cases must be * * *" Cases of conception without the * desire or *, either from *, as in *, * * *, have been recorded; as well * * * and in a * *, * has recently * a much * * *. * * * * * of conception without the * * desire or * on the part of the female.
* with Deficient * * of conception with some * *, * with some * * deficiency of the functional, *, * * must be considered. It is a * fact that * * development of the uterus * * * liable to become *, and many such cases have *; but the most * cases are those in * has appeared after removal of some of the *.
* going to term with a successful * * follows the performance of * * * * * * instance of * with a * * * * *, * * at term of * *. * * of a * * *, * * * normal at term. * a case of successful * in a patient who * * * by a large *. * a case of twin * two years after * with abnormal development of one of the children. * of a case in which a woman * a child one year after * * *, * * of two * * * * in which the * as well as * * * *. * * a similar * * *. *, *, * *, * * * cases, and others are not at all rare. In * * shortly after *, it has been * they may be explained by the long retention of the ova * *, * * prior to *. In the presence * * one can * wonder if * * * * derived from another * * * be brought about in * of a * *.
* Soon After a * * sometimes follows birth (or *) * * * * * * for a period of their lives * * or with infants at their *. * * * alluded to, and is not confined to the lower *, * *, but is common even among the *. * *, we have examples in some of the * * * *. A peculiar * is given by * * * * * * * hours after *. * * case of a woman who was * with her first child, * * * and was * * of another * * She had become * * * *. * * * another case of a *. *, *, * * * *, * birth to a child * * * * a second * * * She must have * * days after the delivery of her first child.
* has been known for many *; * * * * * the laws of * in such cases, and * * * * *. * * * of it, the former at some *. * * of a * * * *, one resembling the master, the other * * * she had intercourse, and * the case as one *. * * instances, and *, * * * *. * seemed to be well * the possibility as well as the * * * * reports that a certain *, * * * * *, in order to hide * * came to * * * * * in by *, and being *, * * * of the same * * * * * * *, a product of *, * * * that she had * * * *.
* *, *, *, * * * *. In the * * *, * *, * 1702,
there was * the case of a woman who was delivered * *; in the placenta was discovered a sort of bladder * * to contain a female fetus of the age of from four to *; and in before the same *, there was * in which * * were born a day *, * * days and the other at full term. From the description, * not seem possible that either of these were * *. * * * account of a * * *, * who was delivered of a strong * *, and, six hours after, of a small *, * * * * full of * and the placenta as large and * * of three *. * * * description with * *. * *, * * * * * of a child * * *; * * * * * indicative of the existence * fetus, and after * months and * * * * of a remarkably * * * *.
* * of a case of * observed by * * * * After the birth of the first * * failed to flow, * * appeared in the breasts, * * * large. In about three weeks after * she had connection with her husband, and in a * * * *. A second * was born at * days after the first; and in both children *. A woman * * was delivered * * * * at term; she had connection with her husband * *; * * *, and the * did not * * *. About one and a half months after * * * again, and * * that she had * by the first intercourse * *; * * after the first * * was delivered * * at term, the result of a *. * * * its appearance, and * * * able to * * from the breasts. * * of a woman * * * * * * * and another * * in the same *. * * * * enough to * of the children. It might be * * comment on * that, according to a * *, * * died in
1755, and on * was found to have had a double *.
A peculiar instance of * was reported by * in which there was an * of a * between the third * *, * * some time, and * * a second *; an ovum of about four weeks and of * was found * near the fundus. * * * * * for the first time * * * months and some time * * a small * * * * * * * of about *' formation. There was no sign of a double uterus, and * * * during pregnancy, * * weeks before the *. * * * speak of * * * * never had * twins, and who * * of four *' *; * * * removal of the placenta, and on * the hand * * * an embryo of five * * * was found * * sac and floating in clear * *. The patient was * * * children, the youngest of which was * *.
* * of a woman who * * * * * * * *' *, but a tumor * remained in the * auscultation of which * evidence of a fetal * * revealed a dilatation of the os * * * * * and a fetal * * *; * * * of about six months of age was delivered. * * the case, but * *, * * *. * * * instance of a * a boy * * and a * * * 1835.
At birth the boy * *, * * * *, * the case, the * must have been either a * * * *' * *. * * * * * * * * * who was born * months after * *, and who * *.
The most * * * examples of * are those in which * of different *, * * * * same age, are born to the same * * * in the case of the * who was * first by * and a quarter of an hour later by an *, and gave * * * to a * and a *. * * * * * *, *, * of a white woman who * * *, * * * and the other *. * * * her husband * * * * * came to her * her to comply with his * * * * * * the case of a black woman who had *, * black and the other * *. * * * * with a white * immediately after * * * *. * * a similar *. * * * of a * * * *, * * * * * * *, while the other was a pretty * * * characters of the * *. * * * * types of the black * *. *, * * *, * * * * * with her husband she had * * * with a *. In this case each * * its own distinct * *.
* * * * and observations showing: "that a white *, * * with a white man and *, * *, one of which shall be white and the other *; and that, vice versa, a black *, * * * * and a white *, * * *, one of which * * * and the other * *" * * that he * to see a woman, the wife of an * * * * * * *, who had been * of a * *, about four months old, and having a cord of about * *. * * the placenta, and in about half an hour * was delivered of a * * * *. * * * *, like the mother and father, and the mother * possibility of its being a white * *; but this * * on her part, * * * * * * * that they would * * * * * the mother and the * * * are doing * * of a * * * * * *, * * and the other * *. She had * * * * * and a white *.
*, a surgeon * *, * of a woman * * who was delivered in the hospital of his * * * 1806,
of two *, * black and the other * *. She had * * months, and had had * with a * * * * month of pregnancy, * * with the * who first * *. * * * * * after the twins, and showed a membranous *. * * shortly after birth.
* often takes place in a * * * *, leading to * * *. *, *, * * * * accounts of this occurrence, and * * instance of * pregnancy in a double * describes a discharge of an anomalous * during pregnancy which was probably from * half of a double *.
* * *.
* *.
* * the consideration of prenatal *, the first to be discussed will be those * *. * * has been known * * as there has been any real knowledge of *. * * * *, during the eleventh *, * is discussed, and later the works of *. * *, about the * *, speak of it; in the * * the fetus was converted into a * * in the abdomen * *. * * * * relates the history of a woman who * the third time in *, and in * remains of * were still in the abdomen.
* *, in an extensive * * published in * * * drawn in situ in the case of a woman * * * *. * dedicated to this * *, * regarded as a *, the following * *, * to the classical * that after the flood the world * by the two *, * * *, * over the earth and * * * *, *, * the ground, * *. * * * *, * * read as follows: * * * * and thus * * * * from the *. * * it that *, by a reversal of things, * body of a little * * * * akin to * of the older * * this form of * * *, * * * * as to its cause. * * * discuss in full * pregnancy, and *, * * * it. From the beginning of * * this subject * * the attention * of medical *. In more modern times, * *, who named * * * * defined and classified the forms, and * * * * gives a scientific * * of the different forms of * *.
The site of the * is generally the wall of the uterus, the Fallopian tube, or the ovary, although there are instances * in the vagina, as for example when there is * * uterus; and again, * * to be only * * * * * * uterus, with * * *. * * of a woman * * * * * * years, had * * children, and * * * * * of about * *. After a week * * that she * * with another *, but as the physician had * * in the uterine cavity after the *, * * * * * * or that no * *. We can * how this condition might lead to a diagnosis of *, but as the patient * on a * * * found by the stethoscope the presence of a * heart, and by * examination a double *. * * * into the new * * discovered that * into another *; but as the * * * *, * * no further. * * * * * * a female * * * *. She had * * * * three times during the period between * of the twins and the birth of the child. * * and child * *.
In most cases there is rupture of the fetal * into the abdominal cavity or the uterus, and the fetus is * * location, from thence to be removed or carried * *; but there are instances in which the * * * in situ, as depicted in * A sturdy * * * executed on * for the * of her *. * * that she had * * * about the * the month, and thereafter * sexual intercourse with one * *. * * * Fallopian tubes * distended, and the left ovary, which * * *, * twice as large as the right. * * * case in a woman * * * for twenty * * * * as a *, and who *. At the third month of pregnancy a hard * was found, which was gradually increasing in size * to the left side of the *, * * of pregnancy, sense of pressure, *, *, *, * * severe. There was * * * * *, followed by * of the *, and death on the ninth day. The fetus * * in the peritoneal coat of the ovary until the *, when one of the feet passed through the cyst and * * *. Signs of acute * * *, the abdominal cavity * full of blood, and the * *.
* termination of * * varies; in some cases the fetus is extracted * * after rupture; in others * has been * * * * section; it may * *, or carried many years in the abdomen; or * * through the * *, enter the * *, and the remnants of the fetal * * *.
The curious * * * * *, * * * by the mouth, etc., are *, in many instances, * * pregnancies or dermoid cysts. * * * of such cases; *, *, and a * * * * remnants of fetuses. * *, * * *, * lived a woman who on three * is said to have * * *. The last * this manner * * * *' growth and was * * placenta. The older * thought this * * * * * to her *, one of which had some * the stomach, as they had records of the dissection of * in whom was found a * similar to this.
Discharge of the fetal bones or even the whole of an * * by the rectum is not uncommon. There are two early * in which the bones of a * * * * * * *. * describes an anomalous * * in a * patient who * * * * *. * * the spontaneous elimination of * * by the rectum * five years of *, * of the patient. * * of delivery through * at the fourth *, * *. * * * * after a * of about two months and *. * * the dissection of an * * * * with the large intestine. * has an * * * of an * * by the * recovery of the mother. *, in the early part of * *, * the discharge of the bones of a * * *" in the groin. Other cases of * of the product of * * * * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, and many others. * * * * of the * * * * * * * seven years, and * * * * * the discharge of a * by the rectum; * * * of the rectum associated with * * the performance of *.
* * * speak of fetal * * * from the urinary *. *, in the * * 1717,
describes a * in which a human fetus was found * the bladder. In * * * instance of * of fetal * through the bladder.
Discharge of the Fetus through the Abdominal * * * * * * the bones of a * * * above the os *, and in * * * * * * * * *. * * * * a case in a * * * * * from an * * * about the * month of conception. * * the discharge of the * * from the walls of * are frequently *. * * of an * in which there was * perforation of * * *, followed by death. * * * case of ectopic gestation in which there * * of the fetus * * *, * * *. * * * * and the mother *. *, *, *, *, * * are among others reporting the * remnants of ectopic * through the *. * * the case of a * *, *, the mother * * *, most of whom *, * * for the tenth time, the gestation * up to the * *. She had * * * effusion and some blood into the vagina. * * * the abdominal * * * * in the umbilical region. A breach in the walls *, * * * * matter and all the bones of *. During this process the patient received no *, and frequently no assistance in * * * *, * had an * * * * *. * * * * * * * for the first * * *. * months after * * * * * and was delivered at full term of a living *; * * was born * months after the first, and the * after the second * * * * signs of * the close * nine months these symptoms, with the exception * suppression of *, *, and in this state * * six years. During the first four years * * in the region of the umbilicus. About the seventh * * * of the abdomen and thought * * again. The * * and an * of the * from the wound. * * enlarged the wound * * * under the jaw of the fetus, * * * * into the abdomen * * a black * * * * hand and extracted * * fetal skeleton and some * *. * * * up, and in * weeks the * * * * * * *; * * * * * * * *. *, * * *, * * * * * pregnancy in a * * * * to the foregoing, in which an * * * * * above the umbilicus and the remains of a * * through the *. The accompanying * the appearance of the arm in situ * extraction of * and the location of the wound.
* * * * instances of the delivery of an * * by the vagina; and * * * of the delivery of a living * * by the * recovery of the mother. * * of a * case in *, six months *, in which an * * * from the posterior * * * * * * * through the vagina, and two days later * in, and in two * * was delivered of a uterine * * * left behind and drainage established through *, and the * * complete recovery.
* * * * * * cases of combined pregnancy, in which one * products of conception * * and the other * gestation, have been recorded. * * * instances of * *, * * * * * the ordinary manner and the other * * * of a case in which there was * * both the uterus and the Fallopian tube. * * * of a woman * * * * * *, In the following * * * * * the rectum, and a month * * birth to an * of six *' *. * * the case of a * * * * * * *, and on * * * * * * bones by the rectum, and * months later * * from the uterus. From this * * * * strength and health. * * * of a woman * * who had * children, but * suddenly, and being * * *. In the right * was found a male * * * * *, * long, and of about * *' growth. The * * a male fetus of about three *' * * * * * * * * of a woman * *, who was * *, early in *, she had an attack of * *, shortly after which * * * * * * *. * * 1873,
after a * * * *, * * birth to a healthy * * in the uterus * a tumor to the left, * * to about * the former size. In *, * * * pain and tenderness in the tumor. * this to have been * a tubal pregnancy, *, * * hemorrhage and the death of the * with a limited *. * * seen a * pregnancy in which * * there was * * * weeks, and four years after delivery * * * through the abdominal *. * * * * * * * * * * * period of gestation, with resultant * * the case of a woman * *, * * * *, and on * * of a * * * * * *. The uterine * * *, and the * * * only with difficulty; there was *. The hemorrhage continued to occur at intervals of *, and an * * *. * * * * and life * * of. On the 15th * a portion of a * of five *' growth in * stage of * * from the vulva. * escape of this * * * * *, and in * * * * * * *. * * * * woman who at the time of her * * * * in the abdomen on her right side and felt motion in it. * a month * * with severe pain * * a week * *. * * *, and the * * * to a third *; * * noticed that the * * since the first birth, and she had a * * and a slight * * * weeks, and * motion in the tumor. This continued * * *, after a most * attack of pain, * * *, as she * *, * * the moment the child *. * lost its natural consistence and felt flabby and *. * was made through the * *, and the * * * with a hard, * *, three or four * * escape of several * of dark brown fluid followed *, and the * had to be discontinued * * * * *. * * * * a bone * the orifice, which the * extracted, and this was * by a mass of bones, hair, and * *. * * small, and * * less in quantity *, * * *, and the wound *. * * * good and the * * *.
*, *, *, *, *, * *, *, * * are among others * * * * * and intrauterine * * * * * *.
* * a triple * gestation, in which there was * pregnancy in the wall of the uterus and a third * * * end of the right *. Careful examination * * be a case of * * * at the point * of the tube and the uterus, while at the abdominal * the same * there was * * * * * * * * * *.
The instances of delivery of an * fetus, with viability of the child, from the abdomen of the mother * * from their * alone, but when coupled * of additional * * * * * * a work of this *. * * of an abdominal * * * *, and there is a similar * on record * early part of this century. The * Medical and *, in one of its early *, * * account of * * penetrating the walls of the bladder and * from the walls of the *; * * * * * * * this, both mother and fetus * says that in this case the *, * *, * * on the lower part of her body, in consequence of which * * * shortly after the *. It so * this case that the peritoneum * * *, * *, with the child *, * * way into the *. In his * * * was made and the fetus * *. * * an example of * gestation in * * *, who had * had normal *. * case an * was made and a * of about * * was found lying * in the abdominal cavity in the * the intestines. Both the mother and child * *. * * very rare *. *, in his * *, * * * * had only * * the accounts of * saved, and one of these was too * * * * * a case in which he * the child, * * * on the fourth *. * describes a case in * * on the third day. * * * * * there is one * pregnancy in * * * cases of twin *, one of which was * * *, * says that of in the third * * *, the mother died in * cases of * * a half * * *' *, *, and in * * fifth month there was an * * * *. * such cases at nine months, * * and 6
intrauterine * lived. In of these cases no * *. In one case the mother *, but both the uterine * * * lived. In another the mother * * died, and the * * *. * * * instance of a woman * of a healthy * * * * * *. * * * * *, but the * * * * of having * * * *, * by the vagina * *. * * * *, and from the fetal * and other * decided that there was * * *. * allowed the case to go * * * similar to those of labor occurred, and then * *. * * * * *, and a * * * * was extracted. *, * * * * hours, and in a month * * died from *, but the child * * *. * gives the case of a * *, * said that she had been * by a * had a large * in the abdomen, and could * * *. * * * * intercourse. It was * open the abdominal *; * * * followed by a * blood and a * came into *, which was extracted * * *. To the * of the * * * distended, and it was decided to open it, when * * * seen and extracted. The cyst and the uterus * of all * and the wound *. The mother * *, but the children * * and were doing * * after the *. * * case was seen in * * * * * * * * * * * third month, and this * * at the ninth * head of the fetus could be * through the abdomen; * was made through the *; a fully developed * was delivered, but, unfortunately, the mother * * *.
* * * * *: * *. * *. * *, * records the following, which he * an ideal case. The patient was * *, had had *, and had been * from the age of * * *. * * of that * she had nausea and vomiting; * * and 23d * * a fluid, which was * *. * * * *, on the * and 23d of * there was a similar loss. In * * was kept in * two days by abdominal pain, * * * *, * then associated with pain in * * *. * * * * when she * * *, * * * by several *, each of whom * * diagnosis and treatment. One of them, * * * *, made her take in all about an ounce of * * did not, however, produce any ill effect. When * * * * *. The left * * * * * *. The abdomen * like that of the sixth * *. The abdominal wall * *, smooth, and * *. * revealed a cystic * * * above the umbilicus and apparently * * *. The fetal parts could only be made * * * * palpation, but the * * * to the right of and below the umbilicus. By the right * this tumor one * * a small one, the size of a *, * * * * * *. * the groove * it and the large tumor *. * * showed that the cervix, * * * * and to the right and *, * * *, * continuous with the smaller * * was obtained in the large tumor. * * passed into the uterus for fear of setting up * * diagnosis of * * at about * and a * with a living * * * without requiring * * * * the uterus empty. The patient was * at rest in bed and the edema of the left * * *. * * 30th the fundus of the tumor was *. * * and the uterus cm.; the cervix was * * of a * at term. *, * *: * *, * cm. long. * * in abdominal * * *; seen to be very slight and filled * *, * greater than the * *. * * * one of these vessels *, and the hemorrhage * * * * attempting to * it, so great * * of the walls. The cyst * * * * the child * by the foot. * * * by pressure of the hands, then by * *. The walls of the cyst * * to the margins of * *, the edge of the placenta * included in *. * * * * * cm. in diameter, with * for its base; it was filled with * * *. * * * an hour, and the child, * * *, after a brief period of *, * * *. There was at first a * * and a * on the left upper * * * point of the left *, against which it had been * the cyst; * * *, and on the * * * * *. The maternal * was not * * *, when it was * * *, * * * * * * 25th and * *. * * up, and the patient * up on the * * * * * from the first * after its *.
* * * * * the question of the ultimate fate of ectopic * * *. He has * to obtain the record of cases. Of these, * * * after birth; within a month; * * six months *; * * months of diarrhea; * *, * *; * * months from * a total of deaths and * * * accounted for. Of these, * reported as living * * *, with no * *; * * * * * weeks, but there has been no * *; * * * six months, * was lost sight of; * * * * *; live and are well at one year; * * * at two years; * case) is well * seven years; and
1 * case) is well * * * * years. The * on pages * has been * * * * *. * * relative to cases in which * * * * * for advanced * * * *.
* Retention of * * time of the retention of an * * is sometimes * it is no * * for several * * * * such retention. * * examples of * * remaining in * * *; * * * * * years, the mother * * in the * * of a similar *; * *, * * years in the abdomen; *, a case of * * the abdomen, * * bearing in the meantime; *, * * years, and the *, another. In a woman *, * * * * * * * *. * * * *, * followed by * of a living *. * * * to be *, * * that the fetus was still in the abdomen, * * postmortem examination to be made after * * was done, and a large cyst containing an * * * in the left side of the cavity. In a woman * * * years old, having been * * * *, and three months later * * * * in her *. At the ninth * she had *, * * failed to present; the * *, * * * *, * with a negative result. She * into a most * * * so for * *, when the * *, but soon *. * ceased and the * * * * for thirty *. * * * * *, and on postmortem examination a tumor was * part of the * * * *. * * * * consisted of a male fetus * * * * *; it had no * and its * contained no * * * * * * *; the skin *, *, * * * *, *, * * * and the cord * *. * * the case * * * * * * in the * * * * * years. No trace of the placenta, *, * * could be found.
* * a paper * * gestation, with particular reference to tubal pregnancy, and * that when there * between the broad * hemorrhage is greatly * the resistance of the surrounding structures, * * from the primary rupture in this location. * * instance in which he * * * *, the result of an ectopic * * * * and had been retained nearly two years.
* * * account of a * * *, *, * six years. * * *, physician to * of the *, sent to the * * * * * * * that had been extracted from one of the * after a lodgment of thirteen *. * * * report of a case of a child * had been * out of *, * * * * * years, during * the mother had * * *. It was * * * * * * * on the right side and * * *, and in commenting on this * * that in * * * had three * and one * after the * * * lost its function. * * * * * * * * * years, the mother * * * * *. * * * * * * * in her * * * *, * * * was extracted. * * of a woman * * * * * * * * years, which was only * *. She had * * * * and had * a child * * * of a * * * * *, others for *, *, *, * *; *, * *; *, * *, * *; *, * years (in the *; *, * years, and * * * *.
* Retention of Uterine * of long * * * are on record and * * * as those that were *. * * * * * a child in an * condition in the * * *. * * of a case in which * * * many years in the uterus, * * * * *, * * form and *. * the case of a woman who * * * * * * * * *. * describes the retention of * in the uterus for * *; *, one for *, * * * *, * * *. * issued a paper on such a case under the title, * * * *" which may be found in *. * * * of a * * retained in the uterus for six years, and * * a similar *. * * the report of a woman * *, who had * *. * * * * * * * like that *, and after an illness suffered a constant * * the vagina * * *, * * * * * *. * * * * * * *, at the end of which time * * forced to *, * * symptoms of purulent *. At the * * * * adherent to the anterior wall of the abdomen * remnants of a * fetus with its numerous * is an * * of the death of a * * *, * retention and subsequent * * * * * in the abdominal wall one or two *.
* * the case of a woman who * * * * *, and which * normally for nine months, * * * at this time and the * *. *, * * a few * bones by the rectum, and *, * *. At the * the uterus was found * * remains of a fully developed *, * * * through a fistulous connection between * cavity and the rectum. In this case there * * of a fully developed * * * *. * the case of a woman who was * * *, * * * * *; * * * *, and after * the fetus was found in the womb, * * * five years. She had an early return of the *, * * * for four years. * * * * one of which the child * * * months in *; in the other, the mother was still * two years * months after *. Another case was in a woman *, who had * * *, * * * *, * *, in the uterus * *.
There are many * of the long continuation of fetal *, and during recent years, in the * *, * * a prevalence of this kind of *. * * * * of fetal * in the * of old * have been noticed by the lay journals, but * them to have been nothing more than an exceptional * the abdominal muscles, with the ability to simulate * * * * *. * * * * so far as to * * * to the music of a * * *. * * * * in the regions * *" We can readily * * * * * * when we recall the exact simulation of the fetal * * * *.
The extraordinary diversity of reports concerning the duration of pregnancy has made this a much * *. * * to the longest * * period of * * viability of the issue, have been * * on medical *. There is perhaps * * * * *. * are so * * * date of the occurrence of pregnancy, or in the date *, that in the remarkable cases we can hardly * * * * * * associated with other * * *, such as the appearance and stage * of the fetus, or * * * before or after the time *, etc. It will * * to cite the more * * instances of * of the time or duration of pregnancy * * * * *.
* * * of the possibility of a living * * four months; * relates the instance of *, who was said to have been born at the end of four and * months and * to complete * * year. In * of the * * *, * * * * that an infant of five * * * * * the ordinary period of *, *, *" which the law of * * * * of inheritance. In his * * * * of men who were born out of time. * * * births at five, *, *, * * *. * * * before the one hundred and * day; 1
of one hundred and * *; of one hundred and *; of one hundred and * *, * * months; and of one hundred and * * * * * *. * describes a * * * * place at four and a half *; * * * in its * * hours after delivery, and, * the membranes *, * that it was *. * *, * * succeeded in * it; for a few * * were performed *, but it * * *. * * * concerning the case of a * * * * * * after it was born, and in * * * * * * frequently to *. * * *, * * instance of a * of five *, * * *, * *, * * * * * *. * * * * * * had not descended, and the head * well covered *. * * of a woman who in was delivered * * on the one hundred and * *; * * * *; the first * * * * * *; the other * *, with the same length * *. * * of a *. *, * *, * * children and had had *, the last * as such. Her husband * *, and returned *, She did not * * her husband until the * * * *. The date of * was not observed, and the * * * During gestation * * * * a rat. The child * *, the testes *, * * * * *, dying of symptoms of *. * were poor, of excellent character, and * to the evidence, * * * * * and two days, there was * no reason to *.
* * of a child of five * who lived * hours; and he * * * born at the sixth * * * * who were * * * a year after. * * case of a female * born on the one * * day that * * and was * *. * * *, very little * on the head, * * *, and the skin * *; it did not *, and did not * * * * *. Three and * years after, the child * * * *, * * *. At the time of birth it was * up in * * * before the fire. * * of living * * five to six *' pregnancy, and * * of a *' * * * four days. The * * of living * *.
* describes a * of five * * with the birth of twins, one of whom * * minutes and * *. The first * * long, and * * *, and the other * * long, and * *. There is a recent instance of premature * * * * * five and a half and six months, the * *. * * after birth, through the * of the * * *. *, * * * * * * * *" for the *, * * 38
cm. long.
* * * with the * report of the case of a woman who * a child at the end of the fifth month * * * * *. It was first * * * * into its mouth; and at the age of * it was * * * *. * * a case * at the fifth month in which the fetus * * * * * * *. The head * * and the cranial bones * * *. * * the cord and * the fetus * *. * * * * * * arms and * * * * * to the other, * * mouth and trying to *. * in this * for an hour, the action of the heart * * minutes after the * *. * * * * it was * to have been *. * *. *, to whom it was shown, said that * not more than four months old, and this * * * *.
* before the * * * * reported the case of a * *, born in the * of pregnancy. That the child had not had six months * * * * *, the statement * * * the last menstrual period of the mother, the date of the * *, * * *, which was *, * *. * had had this infant * * * beginning and * * *. * * infants of six or seven * that had * * * few days, and had found the alveolar * * * cells, the lung * * placed in a vessel *. * reported a case of premature * * *, the child being not more than * and a half * * *. * * * * that it would not * * * it in a * * * * to the * * had been done, the child * * *, * * * * and was * next day to find it *. * * placed in a small, * * * * with a * * *; on the twelfth * it could take the breast, * time it * * *.
There is a case on record of a child * * six months and * days. The mother had a * at the beginning of
1877, after which * * *, * * * * * * * * birth to * *, which was * * * and kept * * *. * unable to *, it was * * * * *. It was * * at birth that the * * * over the foot * to the knee. * * * * * grams, and at the end of a week * taking the breast. In *, it had * *, * * *, * * *, and was * *. * * * of a child born after a * of six and a * and in * * at two years, and another * ten years of the same age at birth. * * of a * *, born on the one hundred and * *, * * on its fingers or toes, * *, * * developed, and the skin * and thin. It was * to grasp * * nipple, and was * for three * * from the breast through a *. * * * * * * * * *. Before the * * * * died of measles. * describes a case in which * * on the 24th * *, and continued * * * * * * * one of which * * * a few minutes after birth. * * *, * to the *, and this fact, coupled with * size of the children, seemed to verify the duration * pregnancy. In * * *, *, * of a * * * and a half *, * at the age of * * * * * and was * long. The * of the head * inches and the shortest *. The child * freely and readily. * * * was a viable * * * and a half * * *. * says that he has * a child of six months * * eventual development * * born at full term.
In some cases there seems to be a * in women which manifests itself by * * *. * *, *, * * * * * * * * * at the seventh month.
* * * destined to be the future means of * * * *. * * cases have *, and by means of an * * * * * which at the age of six months * * *. A full description of the * may be found. * * * is easily made; the * *. * * * *. * * have been described in recent years, but * appears to be the most *.
The question of retardation of labor, like that of premature *, is open to much *, * * * * * limit of * * *. * * * * a long conversation with the physicians and wise men, * * * in a case before him, that of a woman * * * * *, the child * months after * * * * *. * * law the * established that a woman * * * * at the tenth month of pregnancy. * * * * * *, * that birth may be * the tenth *, and sometimes to a longer period. A case * in the * * * *, * * * * part of the *, *, in which a * * hundred and * days after the death of * * * *. * * * * * enough to come to the * of a * * * * * * that a child born after a *' * * *. * * * * * * * who was delivered after a * * months. The * code of * * * * * * constitute the longest period of * of an infant; * * *, * * * * * *, * hundred and one *.
There are numerous * recorded by the older *. * has one of * *' *; *, one of * *, a case of * *; *, one of *; * *, one of nineteen *; *, * others of * * * *; * *, one of * *, *, and also * * * *. An incredible case is recorded of an * * after a * *' *. Instances of *' * are also *. * * * * * instance of birth * * * *; *, * * two years; and *, * * * * *' * is, of course, *.
* * * *, of a case of gestation * to the * *, * *, * *, *, describes a similar case, the child * * * records a case of late pregnancy, and * * * weeks, but the fetus * *. * * * of three hundred and * *' *. * * * * cases of three hundred and *, * * *, and three hundred and * * * one of four hundred and *. * *, in a * * *, * as being from three * * to three hundred and * *.
Not so long ago a * rendered a * * * * * * * when it was * that the child * * hundred and * days after *. * a case of pregnancy in which the wife of a * * * * hundred and * days before the * describes an instance of the prolongation of pregnancy * hundred and * days, in which the * * * to the length of *. * of a woman * * * * * * *, and on * * * *. * * * * * * *, and by his * * * * * at the breast. * expected to be confined * * *, but the expected * did not occur * nine months after the * * * * * * from the time of conception. The boy was * * * *. The author * *' case, and * * *, at three hundred and * *.
*, * of the State * * for the *, * the pregnancy of an * who had * for four years in this * as one of *. * said that many such cases have been reported, and * less than two years before he had charge of a case * the child was born. * made the report to the New * * * * for the * as one of *' *. * * of a woman who was delivered * * * at term, and again in ten * * * * * * * *; * * * of another case, in *, *. *, of a woman * * * * * over to * 16th, the * in the uterus * * months, and nine months * * *.
* * cases are *, one in a woman * *, * expected to be confined * * * had a few * * * *, and during the * * * * about as large as usual, and was * thought to be in the early stages of labor. In * * * until the first and second * could be * to the head. This condition * about a month, * *. At times during the last nine months of * * * unable to * * * of the *, on the * * * *, after a * * hundred and * *, * was delivered of a * * *. Both the mother and child * * the use of * * *. The other case was * * months and * *.
In a rather * *, * * a case of three hundred and fifty *. * * * instance in a woman *, the mother of one *, in whom a gestation * to the * *. The pregnancy * * carcinoma of the uterus. * describes the case of a * * years and six months, * pregnancy, the result of * *, * * hundred and * *. * * short and easy for a *, and the child * * * *. * * * instance of a woman *, * *, who had been * ten years and * had been regular in *. * * * * * * felt the child for the first time *. She had * * * *, * * * * * * *, * * hours. If all * are correct, the probable duration of this * * months and * *.
* * an example of * * * * months, in which an * * was born; * * * describes a similar case of ten and a half *. * * * * to the *. * * an observation of an * * * * pregnancy that had been * * * * * * * * * *' * * * *. The case had been * his observation * beginning of pregnancy; the patient would not * * * at term, which he *. After a * * * * * * * * * *, together with a * *. * * instance of * * in which the product * * carried in the uterus * days after *. * * * but not *, and the placenta * * degeneration. At a recent meeting of the * *, *. *. *. * reported the case of * * in which the fifth * * hundred and two days after the last *. * before there had occurred * similar to those of * * * *. The sacral * * * * * * diameter of the * * *. The fetus * large and * * *. * * with difficulty * * * of the * * through the superior * expression and *, during which the child * * suffered a deep * of the * * inch of the wall of the rectum.
Among others * instances of * pregnancy are *, * *; *, * *; * *; *, * hundred and * * * * * gives the history of a woman who * * in her * * * *; this case * * under the head of fetus * retained in the uterus.
* * are numerous instances of women who have had experience in pregnancy * * * * moment of delivery, * * none of the * symptoms of this condition. * * * * of good * * who had been * * * who had * * * for a long *, * * * with a * *" and, to her * *, a child was born before the arrival of the * * account of her * * and her * * * *. A peculiar feature of this case was the * * * set in * *, * * * * and had to be removed to an *, * in a few months. * * a woman * * * * * with abdominal *. She had been * years and had never been *. * * * *, but this was attributed to her change of life. * *, * * to the full term of gestation, and was * * * without any * of pregnancy. * * * of a *, * * * * the household.
* * * *, *, * the case of a young * * * * * * *. * found the * distended and * * about the possibility *. * * and her husband * him that such * be the case, as * * had been * and her * enlarged, as she had * a certain * all the * were no signs of *, no change in the breasts, * *, none of the usual signs of pregnancy *. * * * *, and to her *, in about * * * * * of a boy * * *. Both the mother * made a good *. * * * instance of a * * that she was not * up to the * * *. She had * and was * a child * *. During the * * was attacked * * those of labor and a * * into the * * hemorrhage; the placenta * * *. In this peculiar case the * * *, * a child, and at the same time * *.
* * of a case of * pregnancy in which extremely small * * * at the eighth *. * * instance of a woman who had * * *, * * of pregnancy. * * of a woman * of age who had not * a child * * years, but * * birth to a *, * * * * of pregnancy. * * of a woman who * * * * *, * of her *, * * * * at its *. Among the * * of pregnancy * * * * until the period of *, * * * * cases; and * * * instance in which * who had * * * * * * of pregnancy until the * of labor * * * * * * examples of *.
* the other hand, instances of pregnancy with * symptoms and * for birth * *, and many cases are on record. In fact, * * * * gives some space to the subject *. Suppression of the *, enlargement of *, engorgement of the breasts, together with the * by the *, such as *, * of the abdomen, etc., are for the most part * of the cases of *. Of course, many of the * * examples of true *, with its *, * instances of * * * * *, and some are calculated to * the most * by their *. * * * * case of * as follows: "A woman, *, *, it may be, at or past the *, * * * or is * * of becoming *. * * * in amount, irregular, and at last * * * the abdomen and * *, owing to a * on of fat, and this is far less * *. * with this excess of fat the most * * * * of pregnancy. By and by the child is felt, the * it for granted, and this * * until the *, *, corrects the *. Then the * with remarkable speed, and the * of this * is at an end." In the same *, *. * * * * * * * personal observation: * * by a * * regard to a woman * * years of * * in whom * was interested. * * had been * three years to a very old man * of a *. * *, * * * * * * and the rest * *, unless the wife had a child. For two * * * * woman, who was very *, * *. * * sure that she * *, * * * * at a rate and in a way * seemed to justify *. * * * * were the chief * * *. * * did not *, * * *; * * *, and every * made for *. * * * a physician * an examination and * * * absence of pregnancy. A second * * * *, and the tenth * * * * * size and * as to her *. At the twelfth * * * *, * * * * it was the early * *. When it passed over * * * of her *, * * * * at the rate of half a * a day * effort to limit the rate of this remarkable *. * * of two months she had * * * * and was, * *, * *. At this stage * * * * * * * had become * *. * * *, * * many years ago, is a fair illustration of *.
* * * * when in general practice. A * who had * children and * much in her * * * without becoming *. * * * a period, *, as usual, *. * * * * efforts to end * pregnancy, and *, * in her *. * * at the ninth * and were presumed to *. * * *, up to the eighth *, * *. *, * * * * so as to make the * * * and to * * *. * * * until the * * *, *, of course, * * *. * * * not to have * child, and * case, as in all the others known to me, the fat * * as the * * * as to the * *. * * * recall the *, * * was not * two months in * rid of the excess of adipose *. * * * he has * * cases of women * * * cessation of the *, and in which there was * * * in the existence of pregnancy. He has not * * these cases as to know if in them the fat * * * * once the patient was * that no * * *.
*, in an article on the difficulties in the diagnosis of pregnancy, * * * * showing the * * * pathologic conditions and the * of the abdomen in pregnancy. A woman who had * * * with a *, followed by an * * * * * confined to her *, and had never * with her husband during that time. * * * * * engorged and * a serous *; * * enlarged, and both * and her * * * in her *. As in her * * * *. *, * * as to her * * * * *, but when he * that she * * * * * * * * * * *. Still the wife insisted that she * * * * in the belief by a *. * * * *, and about * months after the cessation of * she had the * of labor. * * * * were present, and when they * that the * * * * * up in *; but the * was born shortly after, * proved to be only a mass *, * not the sign of a true *. * * * of a female who had been * several times, * * the signs of pregnancy. * * * * * * fluid, and * * * like those of *; * * all this time she had * *. * * increased in size, and between the * * * * * * * thought to *. * * * * * taking a *, * the disappearance of the other * * * * idea of pregnancy.
There is * * instance of * * of a young * * * all the signs of pregnancy and * * * that she had had * with a man. * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, and after the use of six * the signs of pregnancy *. * * * * *, * * we must not * * the the * * before the seventh or after * *. * a woman, * * * * * * of an *, * *, * * * * * * in her * like those of a child, * * for over a month, when the * * * * * *. * * * certain that she *.
The most * * case of * is that of * * * *, or "Bloody *" as she was called. * * succession of a * *, * * * * having a * by her *.
*, * * * * * * * *. * * * *; the breasts began to enlarge * * around the nipples. She had * * * nature and her * *. * * * * of her *, * opinion of pregnancy * *. * * * * was to make * count on her * * months of pregnancy. When the end * * * *, the people * * * * * * * of the * * * * the new * * had been sent to tell the * * * * * * * * *, and the people * * *. * * * to the venerable * * * * * and give * * * *. * * * * *, and after being * * * * * in her *, * went into *, * *, * with the whole *, *; * * * * of the *, * * *.
* * the case of a healthy *, * *, the mother of three *. She had * * * * * as to cause her to * * * * side to * * were enlarged, the * dark, and the * an elastic *, heavy and * under the hand. * * * to the regular size of *; but the * *, which was * * *, was not seen at the autopsy, nothing more than * * * found. The movement was due to * of the abdominal *, the causes * * gives the history of a * * *, * year, to whom he was called. On entering the * * * by the *, * * * expected the child * *. * * * lying in the usual * position, on * *, *, * *, * * hard at a * to the *. She had a partial cessation of * had complained * * * of the child * of milk from the breasts. * * * * down, the os small and circular, and no signs of pregnancy * uterus. The abdomen * distended with * * * * * * * *. *. * * * * that she was not *, and when she * * * in a few days, * * * of the * *; * * * *, * * fluid from her *, *, * that she * * *, left to seek a more * *, in the words of *, describes a woman as * the most accurate description of the * * * * * * that she had * * * *" * found the * on a * * * *, * * *, * * on a * to her *. The finger on the abdomen or vulva * of great *. * * * * * *, and the next day * * * *, * * *, but the * * of labor, * * * * *, had ceased.
* * * examples of *, the first with no apparent cause, the second due to carcinoma of the uterus, * the third there was a small * in the anterior wall * *. Some cases are of purely * *, * a purely * distention of the abdomen. * * * due to *. Cases of * in women * * are not uncommon, * most of them are * * an extra * of life.
* * of a child seven years old * * * * * for a * *. She had been well * *, but since then she had several times * * by a boy, * of which she had * * *. * the first * * * began to enlarge, * * develop, and the * * *. In seven * * * the signs of pregnancy, but the cervix was * *; the sound * * inches and was * * hemorrhage. The child * well developed, the * * with hair, and all the * * * * * *.
* * * * * * * there are often present * and vomiting * * * *. * is often so * as to * of most serious * and even * * * *. This fact is well known and has * *, but with it is associated * *, the occasional association of the same * in the *. The belief has long been * in parts of Great *, * * * * * at the present *. * * * * * this subject, the substance of his * being that * * * * with their * * * * * in their own *. No less an * *. * * * attention to the * * * * in the * in his * * * * years ago. * * * the following * * *.
"A woman had given birth to two female children. * years passed and her desire for a boy was *. * * * * once, and had * * this, as * * * * * *, a very small but * *. * * * * * * as usual with * * * * fat, and as the growth was *, * *, *, * * * sure of *. * was not * patient, but her husband * * to his own *, * * on with the * of this sign in his *, * had been the case * in her * *. * * * to leave * * * *. * * later that the * to gain * and be * * * * * *. * * *, an examination *, and when sure that there was no possibility of her * * began to lose *, and within a few * * * *.
* * * instance of * in a husband * weeks after the appearance of * in the wife * * *. He had * attacks, and it was not until the * the next * that the * * any other sign of * * * *. * * * for two * was the same as that which he had * * * * *, although not until * * and his * aware of the existence of pregnancy. The * * case in which the * nausea and vomiting, as well * of the wife, * * * *. * * instance of a man who was * in the * * * * * a child. This occurred during * *, * * related that his own father was similarly affected * mother was in the early months of pregnancy with *, * hereditary predisposition.
* * * and peculiar * of pregnant women * * matter for discussion. From the earliest * are many such *. * * * *, * are many others, of pregnant women * * * *. *, *, *, * *, *, and several * * * *. * have seen * for human * in such * * a woman with an * for the blood of *. * * * * * * * * by her * * blood from the * * *" * * * * of pregnant women, and says that * been known to * *, *, *, *, *, *, to drink * *, and to * in all * *. * gives the case of a woman who would * * all the * * * *. * * * * of a case of a woman * *, who had been * years, who acquired a strong * * *, * * for it. * seemed to * * and to cure a *. * * * *, * *. * * of a woman who had a most * for her own milk, and * * * * * a similar *. Another case is that of * woman who had a desire for hot and * * *, and who in a short time * * * * * * a case in which the * * in pregnancy, * *, but this is not * of most *. The pregnant wife of a * * * * * of her husband. * Many instances could be *, * in which extreme cases of polydipsia and * developed; these can be readily * the increased call for * and food. Other cases * * * can be recalled, such as * *, * *, and, on the other hand, *, *, * purity of the *. Some of the * * * * * * * * * * * * are commonly * * * is often a * for a particular kind of food * * which no * * had been * *.
* * * * associated with pregnancy is the apparent influence of the * of the * the child in utero. Every one * of the popular * * *, * * resemblance to some animal * seen by the mother during pregnancy, *. The truth * *, *, seems to be more * * facts of a substantial nature. There is a * to explain any abnormality or * of the child * * * * during the period of the * *, * * is often distorted and the * * * * * * satisfactory explanation. It is the * of the * * to attribute the existence * *" to an episode in the * pregnancy. The *" * * * * was due to * that his mother * * * in utero * * * * * by an elephant. In some countries the * * is forbidden because of the * * * *. * * * Twins" for * were forbidden to * * * * a period *.
We shall * only a few of the most interesting cases from medical literature. * * * * of a * * * with a * because she * a black * * it as a case of maternal *, * * * * * placed in her * * * of a *, * * of which * * * during the whole * *. *, again, in the * * * occurs the following * *: "If a * has a * * * * * *, * * of them, * which is born * on its head the mark of *" This statement, however, occurs in a work which is * by any of the ancient *, and is * * all the modern *; according to *, *, *, * * proof that * was a * one of the most popular and * * * *.
In the explanation of heredity, * states "that the body of the male as well as that of the female * * * which is * *) is derived from * *, that which is strong *) * * *, and the fetus will correspond to the quality of the * the semen of one part come in greater * from the * from the female, * part will * more closely *; *, however, it comes more from the female, the part * resemble the mother. If it be * that the semen * both parents, then it is impossible for the whole * * either the mother or the father, or neither the one * other in *, * * the child * * the one and the other in *. The child * * the one * * * to the formation of *" * was the * theory of generation *, and it was * used to explain the * of certain diseases and malformations. For instance, * of the * * *, * *: * * *, like that of other diseases; for * * * * * of a *, and a * * *, and a * of a *, and one * * of another * disease of the spleen, what is * it from * * where the father and mother * to this disease certain of their offspring should be * also? As the semen comes from all parts of the * * will come from * parts, and * * *.
According to *, * * * * with long * like a *, * mother had * * * a picture of * *. *. * * * * * * * resemblance to a *. * * a case *; it was an *, * by the effect of * produced a white *. * describes this case *: * says that *, * * *, * * *, also an *, * a daughter * * skin, and the * * ascribed to the * * picture of * * * * throughout the whole * *" * * * the case of a * * *, * during a conflict * * *, * * * * * * * * *, * birth to a daughter * hand, the other hand being a bleeding *; * * * the case of the wife of a * * *, * * * * * * off at the * * * * * a daughter with one *. * * of a child * * of a mouse; * *, the mother had been * by one of these animals. * describes a * * traces of a * in the same location as one * the mother. * * * of several * of a * a face * a dog * mother had been *; * * child with one * blue and the other *, * * * * seen a person * *; of an infant * * upper and lower extremities, the mother * * * *; and another, a child born with its * * * * *, * mother had been * * * and a descending *. There is the history of * * * * * * months with her * * * on the right * by a dog. * weeks after, * * * with three * corresponding in size and appearance * caused by the * * on her *. * * * * a woman in her seventh month * * * on a *, * the mother, * * * burns. The * * two months later of an infant * * * * extremities in a manner similar to the * * *. This infant * on the third day, * * * * months later with the same *. * * * nearly all the fingers and toes * of. In a *, long after the mental *, a healthy * was born.
* describes a case which has * become almost * of a woman * *, * * * *, by her * * at the * *. The day after the * * and was terminated by the birth of a * * *, * * * * * extent and * * * * to the locations of * injuries. The mother * on the fourth *.
* * the history of a * * during a * * * * into a *, * the whole front of *, the front and * of the thighs to the knees, * *, and the left *. * * * necessary, and a * *, * * * * *, * * *, was delivered. There was * * * near the inner * of the eye and * * about the neck and * which the mother * *. There was no history of syphilis * of any * * the mother, who died on the tenth * * *.
* describes a woman * *, the mother of seven children, who * * * * * *, * * the animals * * * with its * *" * * a sudden *. * * was born *. * and face * small and *. Instead of a * had a * * * * * * *, * at an angle * *. The space between this and * * occupied by a body * an adult *. * * two small, * * * * * * * * minutes). The * * * * *, *, * *. * * * * * * normal children.
* * * instance of the influence of maternal * in the causation of a large, *, * * * on the face: "When the mother was in * * * * by a * in which * * * *, during the early months of her * * * * * * * * light the fire *, and at that time * * * with the * * * would be *" * * * *" an individual with * *, * * classed as an *, * as a *, * *. According to the story, when the mother was * * * her husband, * *, * *, * * *, put a large * * in the *. * * the wife * to the * and the * * *, * * * by its * * as it * to the floor and began to move *.
* * * * case in which a woman was attacked by a * when in her * month of pregnancy, and * to a child * * * the shape and action of *, * * * * * *. * and mouth also markedly * the head of a *.
The teeth * * like a * *. The mere mention of a * * the child (a man * *) * * * *, "particularly in the * *" * * history of a case of a child born with its left eye * by a *, * mother was * in a corresponding * the face * hours before *. There is on record * of a young man * * suffering from * attributed to the fact that his mother was * * * having been * * * * *. * * * * deformity of the right * the autopsy, all the skin, *, muscles, and bones * *. * * of a woman who was * * * * by a * * to see * the genitals of her * * * * * * amputation of the penis * account of carcinoma. * * had been removed. * * stated that from the * * * * *, her mind * * * * * * on the * condition of *. While in this * * * * birth to a * * * entirely absent, but who was * well and * *. The other portions of the genitals * perfect and *. The appearance of the * and the * *. A most * case is stated by * * * * experience of * * *. A woman had a * * * with whom she had had * * *. * * put in a * on the *, * * two years. On leaving the * * * * *, * nine months after * * birth to a *. * * was that during * * in the * * nine months * she had the image of her * * * *. * * of a woman who * * by the actions of a * at a *, * * into the world a child * * * * of the * in a most striking *.
* * * cases in which * * * marks on the fetus. There is a case mentioned in which a * * informed that an * * had been * * *; the immediate cause of death * fracture of *, produced by the corner of a * against which the * *. The mother was * * * *, which was * described to her * *. * * at birth * a red and * upon the scalp corresponding in location with the * in the *. The child is now an adult woman, and * upon the scalp remains red and sensitive to pressure, and * devoid of hair. * * *, *, * * instance of maternal *. During the sixth * the pregnancy of the mother her husband * *, * * out through the left *. * * * * *, * * * *. *: *, * * * *, for when * saw the wound * * * * * my face, * * covered with blood, and * * * * will have a *" The child came to term without a * *. * *, * * * on the left * just below * * * of the * from its * *. * * * the size of a * *, and had * * * bright red color, and was * visible at the distance of * *. The authors have had * * *. * * regard to this case, which he * * * evidence of a case of maternal impression that he * *.
* * as are the foregoing *, those of paternal * * *. * are on record, * are of sufficient * * * * * * *. * below are given to illustrate the method *. *, * * *, * of the case of *, the father being a * * * an eye in the war. * was born with one of its * * up in the orbit, * * * an appearance like that of the * * a man * * * * * * * * * * * * * with his * * and bleeding. * * in a great * *, and a few days later the wife was delivered of a * * of the bladder. * * the curious * * man who * that if * * * was a daughter * * speak to it. The child proved to be a *, and during * of the * life nothing could induce the * * * his father, *, in fact, to any other * *, * * * * * * * to both men and * * the birth of a child * * had a *, and the * * * stiff and * * * * * as that of its *.
* influence of the paternal * on the physical and mental * of the child is well known. To designate *, * is the word that was coined by * * * *" and he * it as "Infection of *" and, at another time, as "Those * * * the offspring is said to resemble, not the father, * * * of the *, in other words, the * of a previous * on the progeny produced by * one from the same *. In a systematic * * before the * * *, *, * *, * *, as a means of making the definition * * * * *, * * * * the classic example which * * the attention of * * * to this phenomenon. * facts of * * * in a letter from the * * * * * of the * * * and were as follows: * * * * put a male * to a young * * * blood, which had never before * * * * was a female * * * both parents. * sold the * * * * *, * two years after * the hybrid * her to a black * *. During the * * she had two * * * * *: "They have the character of the * * * as can be expected * of the blood are * they are * * of the *; but both in their * in the hair of their * they have a striking * * *. * * * *, * more or less * * in a darker *. Both are distinguished by the dark * * * of the back, the dark * * *, and the dark * across the back part of the * * of the * * saw the * * * * *.
* *, in the * Review for *, * * * * * * by his * *. *, * * is often * * of animals * *. * * * * * * on to say: * * * * * had a valuable * *, * * had a * by a * *. The next * * * * on a visit to a pure * *, * * * * as much of the first * as the second, * next year he sent her to another *, with the *. Another case: A friend of * * * had a * * * for, by a * from a * * * * * she never * * * *, no matter * * *.
* *, * * * breed of * * * * * *, * * * on the subject * is great, says that * * * * consider that * * * to a * *, she is never * to breed * *, * * * * legs are apt to come * * * is a pure *. This has been proved * *, but is not *' * *. * * *: * know this theory well; and if a * * happens to breed to a dog of another * is of little use for * * * * which produce large * and go a short time * * * back to * * far more * * * * and pigs most of all, * * least. The influence of previous * may be carried * second generation or further, * I have a * * * to be * * * *. * * has very * and every appearance of being a half *, * * * * * blood, as far as * *, * * (a very * *) * * * * * *, and all * * * * * * *. * * * * many years ago, * the only one in the *, *, * * * * *, * * * this case is really *.
* * * * wish to breed * with as * * as possible. In order to accomplish this they * * * * first to a * *, * * * * which they *. * * put the * * * * * * get a * * * * * *, but have much * * than they * have had, and also show much of the * * *, * proving that physiologic as well as * may be transmitted in this way.
* * the foregoing *, * * his attention to man, and makes the following * *.
"We might expect from the foregoing account of * * animals that whenever a black * had a child to a white * * * a black *, * * * * * * *. *. * * * * * * * that he was * * * * * * * * if a * had a child * * a white, and * * * with a *, * * * * * * * than the *, as far as * know, this is the only instance of * on record. * * has shown that when * * * with an animal of a mixed *, * * much more closely the parent of pure * this may explain why the * recorded by * * * * noted. For a *, who is of very * * * have a stronger influence on the * than an *, * * of a mixed *. * * the correct *, we should expect that when a * * first a black man, and then a white, * * the white * would be * *. * * * * *, it is very rare that a white * * * * man, and then have a white * * *, we have a fair number of * * * * * born in the above way of *.
*. * * a case in which * young woman, * * *, * * of white *) parents, but *, some time * to her *, had a *) * by a * * * *, * traces of the *. *. * * * * patient the young woman at one time *, * * * * of satisfying * as to the * to which the * * * in her *; * * * * with the *, * * that the hair had the qualities * * *' * * * a letter from a *' in the United States, * said that children * * had been *' observed to show * * * when the women had had * * *, a child by) a *. *. * of New * * * *, * said the above * * as a *' *. * *, * * * * *' mentioned this fact, and when * about it * had never heard the statement *.
"But it is not only in relation to color that we find * to have been * in the human subject. *. * * a most interesting case in the * * * * * * * * *, * * * *, none of whom * * in any particular, * * with a white *, * * * *. During gestation * * * * *, * the birth of a * * * * *. It so * * * * * * * * on each *, but there was no * * * in the white *, * when the * * was born * * * deformity of a * *, * * * *, * * * *, *: * knowledge of this * fact is by no * * *, * said that most of the children * * have a greater resemblance to the legal than to * * observation that was confirmed by * * and by the * *. * * comes the *: * * * * * *' * has noted * in relation to * of children by a second *. * said that * long been known that the children by a second * the first * * * mind, and disposition. * * a case in which this * was very well *, * * * *, * *. * * * * on this * *; * *. * * * * * * * * * in the cases of * * the children of the * * resemble the first *.
"An observation * having some bearing on this subject was made by * * * *, *. *. * * * * * * had had a child by a *, * * power of conception by a male of her own *, * * * by a white *. * * this to be the * * * *; but it has been *, or at * proved to be by no means a universal law, in every * that of the * * * and New *. * * thought it * that the * * * in some degree be due to the same * * * * * * who have had * by white men.
"It would seem as though the * had had some knowledge of *, for in * we find that when a man * * *, * * * commanded to * * * * * that he * * * seed to his *' * We must omit the * * into this subject that is offered by *. *. * * * * * * on one of three main *.
* *, or, to * *: "Due to mental * * * either on the * of the female and * on her * *, or on the * of the *, and so * the qualities of his *, * * * nutrition and development of the offspring."
Due to a local influence on the * organs of the mother.
Due to a general * through the fetus on the mother.
* * * next to deal with the diseases, *, * operations that affect the pregnant uterus and *; these are rich in anomalies and facts of *, and have been recognized from the earliest *. * * works usually grouped together under the * * *" are to be found the * upon the subject of * * * * * * * * * down to modern * there were * * before the time of * * *, and that the works ascribed to the "Father *" * immediately followed by those of other * * not to be *; * * nearly all * prior to and after * have been * * * *, most of those that were written by the * * * * have been * * *. * puts it, * * * * * * * * * * *.
The first to be considered is the transmission of * disease to the fetus in utero. The first disease to * * *. *, *, * * * * * *, the child * dead and * of the typical * *, with a history * * having been infected during pregnancy. * * cases in which a child in utero * *. In the * the mother was infected in pregnancy; the other * * * * * * *; she did not * *, * she had been infected many months * * a woman of a healthy * at full term * * recovered from a severe attack of this disease * * month of gestation. * * the child * * after the delivery. * reported to the * * *, *, the case of a woman who * birth to * * of about * * * *' *, * * hours after birth covered with the * of seven * *' *. * * on the fetus * * and typical, and could have been nothing but * *; *, this disease was * in the * the time. The mother had never been infected before, and * *. Both parents * * and neither of * ever had syphilis. About the time of conception, * * * *, the father * suffered from * *, but the mother, who had been * * *, had never been * * during or after * *. * * a peculiar instance of a * * *, * mother was covered with the * hours after delivery. The child * * * * * of the *, and was * at once. * * with its * * through the *, * *, with the exception of the ninth day, when a slight * to its * *. The mother made a good * the author * that had the child * * a short *, it would most likely have been infected.
* * * instance of congenital * in twins. * * of a woman * * twins who * * and a half *. One of the * * * * * *, although the mother and other * * from any symptoms of the disease. In * * birth of a * * * * * together with ulcerations of the * * * and stomach, although the mother had * * * some time before. * describes a case of * * days after birth, the mother not having * * * *. * * * * * * in the eighth month of pregnancy. The * born with the disease, and both mother and * * many others * evidence of * in utero *, *, * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * *.
*, *, Pneumonia, and even * * reported as having been transmitted to the child in utero. * * * * * in her * *. * * the rash * * * hours after birth, * through the regular * * * of ten *. The mother had no signs of the disease, but * all about * * *. * the period * is from three to four days, with a * * * * * * *' *, when the *; this case must therefore have been infected in * * * * of the case of a woman, * *, *, who had * in the eighth *, * * birth to an infant with *. The mother was * pneumonia on the fifth day of her *, * * * died in four weeks of intestinal *. * * transmitted from the mother to the fetus * out of 11
cases, there * * deaths in the *.
* * observed the case of transmission of pneumonia from a mother to a fetus, and has * * cases in which the blood * uterine vessels of patients with pneumonia * *. * collected a number of cases of * during pregnancy, showing a fetal mortality of *.
* * * instances of fetal * in which the infection was * transmitted by the male parent. * * the father * * * * * *; * had never had a *. The violent * * *, and the spleen * so large as to retard it. * * * * * * * * *, * * *.
* modes of infection of the fetus * syphilis, and the infection of the mother, have been well *, and need * *.
There has been much discussion on the effects on the fetus in utero of medicine administered to the pregnant mother, and * as to the reliability of this * are so * we are in * as to a satisfactory *. * * * administered and eliminated by the mammary glands * to the child at the breast are well known, and * * by nearly every physician, and, as in cases * * *, *, * no other than the actual *, * * as to the efficacy of * have been made from time to time with *.
* * * * * *, *, * * acid in the blood and secretions of the fetus * * just before death. In cases in * had been *, * * the fetal urine of 11
cases; in * was present, and in the others, *. * * * experiments on the lower animals. * * * * * just before birth in 25
cases, and in each case * it in the urine of the * after birth.
At a discussion held in New * * years ago as to the real effect on the fetus * * * to the mother, * * * * alone in * that the * * *. * * * * on the *. * * *, * * *, * * * * *, * * states that he has * * * * * * * on the fetus * *. Over fifty years ago, in a * * * * * *. * * a new idea in the * * * during the latter stages of pregnancy. * of this * is known, and whether, * *, * acts by * * oxygen to the blood, or * * itself is * to the fetus, has never * *.
*, who has been a close * on this subject, reports some interesting cases. In his first case * * * of iron * * * * three times * on a woman who had * * * children, with a * *. * * * *, but in a third * * by the same medication with a woman who had * * * *. In a fourth case of * * three consecutive * he was successful. * * * *: It was that of a woman in her * *, with one exception, * * * * * * * * * * *. The one exception lived a few *. Under this treatment he was successful in * * * * * time for *, and had * for a normal * at the time of report. * that the administration of a * * * * * to a * which, by its * * *, is thought to be *. * * * the passage of substances foreign to the * the placenta, and * an excellent * * *, which is * * * in a * * *.
In this important *, *, * * some historical *, describes a long series of experiments performed on * in order to * the passage of *, *, *, *, *, *, * * the placenta. The placenta shows a real affinity for * substances; in it * copper and mercury, but *, and it is therefore * it that the * * *; in addition to its *, intestinal, and *, * * glycogen and acts as an * *, and so resembles in its action the liver; * * of the fetus * only a potential *. * up of * in the placenta is not so general as * of them in the liver of the mother. It may be * the placenta does not form a barrier to the passage of * the circulation of the fetus; this would seem to * * *, which was always found in the * never in the fetal organs. In * * lead and * accumulation of the * in the fetal tissues is * in the maternal, perhaps from differences in * * or from greater diffusion. * it is * * barrier to the passage of *, * * * * degree of obstruction: it allows copper and * * *, * with greater difficulty. The * toxic substances in the fetus does not follow the same * * the adult. They * more widely in the fetus. In the * liver is the chief * *. *, which in * * to accumulate in the liver, is in the fetus * in the skin; copper accumulates in the fetal liver, * system, and sometimes in the skin; * which is * in the maternal liver, but also in the skin, has * in the skin, liver, * centers, and elsewhere * *. The frequent presence of * in the fetal * its physiologic importance. It has probably not * * influence on its *. On the * in the placenta and nerve * * * * abortion and the birth of dead *) Copper and lead did not cause *, * * so in two out of six *. Arsenic is a * agent in the *, * * * * *. An important * is that * * is frequently and seriously affected in syphilis, * * the special * for the accumulation of *. * * * * * action in this disease? The * of lead in the central nervous system of the * the frequency and serious character of * lesions. The presence of * in the * * * an explanation of the therapeutic results of * of this substance in skin *.
* * are of interest to the medical *, particularly those cases in which the * * * * pregnancy and the child is born with a very * * *. *, in an excellent *, * *, which is very *, * * * caused by contraction of bands or membranes of * * * limb and producing * by the * * * atrophy that the surgeons * *. * * of a case in which a man * * * * * * before the * *. * * * congenital, and on the right * was a very small stump of the upper arm * the attachment of an * *. * * years old, and able to write, * * * * * out of a bottle, *. * * of a female * * * *, the fourth birth of a * * *. The child * *; the circumference * * * inches and that of the trunk *. * * consisted of * * joints, but only * * was present. Both sides * * *, * * on the right side * * * * the left * long. The right * * * * * * * wide and * long; to * * * * a body resembling the * * * * *. On the left side the * * represented by * * * long and * * * the great toe of an infant. There was no * * or injury to the mother. The child presented by the * by the absence of limbs * * difficulty in * three stages of labor * one and * *, *, and five minutes, *. * * shows the appearance of the limbs at the time *.
* represents a * *, the victim of * *, * * * * * * for many * * * * mode of holding * *.
There is an * reported in which a child at full term was born with an * arm, and at the age of * * * * if at all smaller than the other. * * * * of congenital amputation of both the upper * * * a case that shows the deleterious * even the weight of a fetal * resting on a cord or *. * was that of a *, the product of a * * origin; the soft tissues were almost cut through * * * by the * resting on one of the two *, * * it, but in a *. The cord * * in the tissues.
* * of the cord are not limited to compression about the extremities alone, but may even * the head by * * several times about the neck. * *, there is in the * * * *, *, a reference to * of the umbilical cord * neck of the fetus. * * *, *, regarded as * the dangers of the eighth *, and even the mode of * is described. It is said that if the cord * * one side of the uterus, and the fetus * more to the *, * when the * is performed the * * form a loop round the neck or chest of the infant. * remain in this *, it is further stated, the mother * later and the fetus will either * or be * *. If the * * * that this * * * *, they did not in any * * *.
The accompanying * show the different ways in which the * may be *, * * * * as many as * * * * instance in which * * the head of a * was in a state of *, * * * * * around the neck. *, *, * * * *. * observed the * * * about the arm and neck of a * the body of which * *. There was complete absence of amniotic * *. * presented to the New * * an ovum * which the fetus * * * *. * describes a case * the etiology of spontaneous amputation of limbs in * * a case of *, * * of the left * from being * by the * death of the fetus * probably due to compression of *. * * * instance in which the left arm and hand * * were found in a state of * * * * * * * * at the upper part. * an article on spontaneous amputation of the forearm * regeneration of the hand in the fetus. * * to this subject * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * *.
* finds that the greatest number of * of the umbilical cord * found to encircle * fetus are *, *, * * and Gray). His own case was observed * * *. The patient was a * * *. * * * seen on * * * 19th the * * *. On the 20th * set in about * before term. * * * * * *. * *, * *, * defined a * * * * *, very high in the *. * * * * *, * * *. * *. * * * engaged in the pelvic cavity. At *. * * * at the height of each pain, but * *. * *. * * * *. * * delivered the dead * * *. * * * the cause of * clear. The * was very tense and * * round the neck and once round the left *; * also a distinct *. * * * * * * * was a male, * *. * * over 5
pounds, and was easily * * * * * of the *. * * * on the neck. * * * * later and, so far as * *, * *.
* fractures are occasionally seen, but are generally the results of * or of some * * on the part of the mother. * * on the abdomen or * may cause *. The most interesting cases are those * * fractures are multiple and the causes * * * have been discussed *, * reader is referred to any responsible * * * * *. *, * *, * * * fractures of the clavicle. * * * * on the * aspect of a case * fracture of the os *. * * * * case of * fracture of the humerus * * describes a case of fracture and dislocation of * of a * in utero. * * * * * of both * *. *, *, * cite instances of * fracture of the thigh; * case of * the fracture occurred during the last week *, and there was * * of the fragments *. *, *, * * * * of the tibia; * * case there was * *.
* describes an instance in which multiple fractures were found in a *, some of which were * *, * * * *. * describes a * * multiple fractures. * * * * case of * in which no less than * discovered in a child at birth. It * *, and at the postmortem examination it was found that * * *, * *, * * * *. * * that the * fracture is well * *. There seems to be a peculiar * of the * fracture in the cases in which the fractures are multiple * cause is not *.
The results to the fetus of injuries to the pregnant * are most *. In some instances the * escape of * consequences of one or both is almost *, * others the slightest injury is fatal. * * * of a woman who was killed by a * * *, * * * *; * * * describes a * which there was perforation of the head, fracture of *, and a * of the groin, due to * * * * * of the mother. * there was not the slightest * any external *.
It is a * fact that injuries to the pregnant * * * effects on the person of the fetus. The older * a careful record of the anomalous * * * * character and of their effects. * tells us * from the mouth and nose of the fetus occasioned by * of the mother; * * a case of fracture of * * * of the mother; * describes a * the os * * * in the mother from a fall, * of the arm and leg of the fetus from the same * * of a * * in a *, caused by a * the mother; * * * instance of rupture of * of a * by a fall of the mother; * * accounts of injuries to the fetus of this *, * * * * * as having been * into a * *; * * * *, * * * * * * from a maternal *; * * * * * *; * describes a case of * * * from a fall; and there is also a case of * * * from a maternal *. There is * * * injury, together with clotted blood in the * a fall of the mother: * describes a * * * *, * had no * *, and there is * * * on record. * The modern records are much more * * * on this subject than the older *. * * of a * down a few weeks before * *. * * * and the birth was easy; but the infant was found to * * on the back, * from the * * across the *, along the back of the humerus, * a short distance of the *. Part of these * * and part * *, which shows that * * * is as active in utero as elsewhere.
* about the genitalia * * be expected to * * * influence on the uterine *; * * many instances reported in which the escape of injury *. * * of a woman, * * * * * across a chair, * * * and causing * * * *. There was regeneration of this * * * term. The * * tedious and * * * a half months after the *. The mother and the * * *. * * death in a pregnant * * * of the vulva. * * * instance of * in the fifth month of her * *, * * * * of a * * * from one of the steps by which * to the roof, in the act of * * * * *. * suffered a * on the internal surface of the * * long and * *. She had * * * of blood, and had * * to the vagina * the bleeding. * made a * by the twelfth *, * * * * * *. * * * * *, during a * with her husband, * * * * between two *, * one of them over, and causing * * * * long in the vagina, close to the * *, there was a * of blood, and * * *. * * * * three or four months *, * * *, the maternal * * due to the * the pregnant *, * * * * * * fatal hemorrhage. * describes the case of * woman, who, while in the * *, * *, * * through the vagina by another *. The child * * days later, with its * crushed by the * * * had entered the vagina, carrying the clothing with it.
There are some * cases of recovery and * * * * injuries from * * *. * * a woman * *, * * *, * *, who was * by a cow through the abdominal * * * *; * * * into the *, * * on the ground by the * *. * * * consisting of a * * * above the os * * to the left and upward, * * the great *, the descending and * * of the small intestines, as well as the pyloric * * *. The great * * * * *, * * * of two * *. The intestines * were not *, but there was * of blood into the abdominal cavity. The * * and an * * was made to *. The intestines * outside of the body for two * the great * * * * * over the chest * interference with the efforts to * * * * * * * * *; * * was produced by * * *, three and a * after the *, and in * minutes the * * replaced in the abdominal cavity. The edges * *, and the wound *. * * was placed in bed, * right side, and * * *. * * * on the ninth day, and the wound * * * * * of penetration. * * * * * * *, * to relate, was delivered of a * * * two hundred and two days from the time * *. Both the mother and child * *.
* * of a pregnant woman who was * in the lower part of the abdomen by a cow, and had a subsequent protrusion of * through the wound. After some minor *, * * * weeks after the *, and the * * in natural * of a healthy, * *. * * * blood was found on the * *, and the clothing * *, so that the wound must have been made by the side * * * the greatly distended abdomen.
*, * also by *, * of a woman, *, * * in a dark * with some * * in her * * * in the abdomen * above the * * * * cm. long. Through this * a mass of * size of a * *, *. Both the mother and * made a good *. * * * instance of * * *, * *, six months *, who was * a cow; * intestines and * * through the * the uterus * *. There was * recovery and * *. * * * * a woman who in the * of
1860, when * six months *, * * by a cow, * * intestine and the omentum * through the * hours after the injury * was found * * * * a compound solution of * * *, with a * *. The intestines * cold to the touch * *, * * and replaced. The abdomen * * up with a * * * * *; * * * * * * * at the full maturity of her *. * of a female *, six months *, who was * * *, * suffered a * * * long and * * just above the umbilicus. Through this small opening * of intestine *. * * *, and the * could be readily *.
* * * pregnant women are often followed by the * *. There seems to be no limit to what the * can successfully *. *, who has collected * on this subject, as well as on * * during pregnancy, which will be considered * the account of a woman * *, * *, who was * * under a * *. * * * about the head, * being used in * *. * * * *, * * * * * child, and both * *. * the case of a woman * *, * * * * from the top of a * * * * *. * * * * symptoms of fracture of the base * skull, and the case was * *; * * * * * * * * * * * about the head, neck, and *. Two days later * * * * * * *, * * months after * * of a healthy * * pounds. She * * after the * * of a *.
* has collected the results of * during pregnancy, and * *. * * * instance of * in the eighth month of her first pregnancy * * by many pieces of lead * fired from a * but a * *. Neither the patient nor the child * from the *, * * *; * * on the fourth * after birth without apparent cause. * * instance of * tolerance of injury in * *. * * six months of pregnancy the * * * through the abdominal cavity and lower * the thorax. * * penetrated the central * * * * * in the lung. The injury * * * pneumonia and peritonitis, and the wound * * the lung by free *. * *, * * birth to a healthy * * * * * * * in a pregnant * from which * portion of the * *. * * the patient made a good *, * * *. * describes the case of a woman who had * to the knee * *. * was attacked *, * spread over the whole body with the * the head and neck; * * * * * * *. * * * of a * * * by her *, * * * * *, * * * * *. For three days after the * * * * * flow from the vulva. * * * * * there was no interruption of the normal course *.
* * of a woman who, * mistaken for a *, * * by her husband with a * *. * * * second and third * * * from the sternum, * the right lung, and * at the inferior * * *, about three * below the spine; * * * * * through a * *. * * * * shock, but made a fair * at the end of four * * with her first child at the seventh month. * * * was delivered by * of a *. The mother at the time of report was * and free *, and was * * *, which was * * *.
All the cases do not have as * an issue as most of the foregoing *, * in some the results are not so * * be expected. * * *, *, while in * month of pregnancy, * * * * * on a * was delivered of a normal * child, with the * * helix of the left ear * * *, and had, * *, a deep *, which also traversed the * * *, and continued over the * toward the * * *. The external auditory meatus *. * * of a woman, * * *, * from the top of a ladder, * * * * * from the vagina. She had * * * * *, but there was no deterioration of general health. * *, which was *, a strong boy was born, * * below the middle, at which * a white * *. * * and the * * * * * * relates the instance of a woman * *, * * * * * * * * * *. After a * of the legs * * and made a good * reported the history of a case of a woman who, * * term of pregnancy, * * * * * *. * * * uterus, and a * child with a * the parietal * was found in the abdominal cavity. * of a * * *, * *, * * * by a young man * by her side in a * * entered the abdomen * * above the * * * *, a little to the * of the anterior * process, and took a * * * *. * * * * but no * * followed. In * * * * of a * child with a * in its * * normal and the internal * *. * * the younger *, gives a remarkable instance of * * * *, the mother of four * with the fifth *, who was struck on the * by a * from a * *. * * * *, * * * * * * her to *. It was found * * had been ruptured and the child *, for in * it was delivered in a * *, * * * * * * through an * * * * wall. The * made a good *. * * of pregnancy is that of a woman * * * months in her * *, * * * * * * * by a * pain in the region of * * * * * *, * * * *. * died in a few hours, and at the autopsy * found that * had not *, but that the pregnancy * * * of the spleen, from which * * * * * of blood. * * of a case of * * * a woman * *, * * * * * *. * * * for four * in the fourth * * *.
* had a case of nervous * in a woman, following a fall * * * month of pregnancy, * at term * birth to * * that was *. * * * * * * * in utero. The * was in her * * * * of a small but * * * *. There was * * in the abdominal *, through which the * the intestines * and were *. The opening * small that he had to enlarge it with a * to replace *, which was dark and congested; * * the wound * *, but the child * *.
* * * has collected excellent statistics of operations during pregnancy; and * * * has done * *, * * * operations on the pelvic * * * * to have been * in pregnancy. *, * * * *, makes the following * * *.
Pregnancy is not a general * * *, as has been *.
* of the * surfaces is the rule, and the * *, formed during the earlier * *, is strong enough to resist the shock of labor at term.
Operations on the vulva are of little * * mother or *.
Operations on the vagina * liable to cause severe hemorrhage, but otherwise are not *.
* * * warts are best treated by *.
Applications of * * * * may be safely made to the vagina. For such *, * * * * be used, * or in * *.
Operations on the bladder or * are not * * liable to be followed by *.
Operations for * * should not be done, as they are *, and are liable to be followed by * and abortion.
* * may be done in the earlier months of pregnancy with * * of a safe and successful *.
* * may be treated by * * *. * *, there is likely to be a subsequent *.
* * * toward the close of pregnancy will cause *.
Carcinoma of the cervix should be removed at once.
A few of the * on record of operations during pregnancy of special interest, will be given *. * * * * * on a woman * at three months, with * birth of a living * at term. * * * * during pregnancy, in * * these cases, * on the fifth *, on the * the other * *. * * * a mortality of only per cent; per cent *, * per cent * * at full term. * * * in which ovarian tumors were * * * * without the interruption of gestation. * * women, a *, * * * * over time, and * * ovarian cyst, the pedicle of which had become * fluid in the cyst * *. * * * * during pregnancy * * *. *, * *, * *, * in size, and * * *, * * * * * * * * * from the * cartilage to *. At the *, * * * * * * * * * * hours after the *, * *, but the child was lost. * had a case * performed on a woman in the sixth month of * interruption of pregnancy; * had a case of * * * * at term; and * had a *. * * a case of vaginal * in a patient * a half * *, with normal * at full * * * description of a woman * *, * * month of pregnancy, from whom * * * * * * * * *, * recovery and continuation of pregnancy. * a case of obstruction of the intestine during the * of gestation, * symptoms of * * *, in which he * * *. Recovery of * * * *. * * * * 1887,
contains an account of a woman who * *, * * * was performed; * * * days, and did not *, which shows that * to the intestine with * * * * * *. *, * *, * the kidney of a *, * * severe and * *. * * the kidney of * * *, * * *, * * this or subsequent pregnancies. The child * *. * * * * instances of * * *.
* describes an * of the eye in the second month of pregnancy. * * * instance of a woman * * months in her * *, * breast and * * without interruption of pregnancy. *, *, * * * *.
* * of the removal of an enormous * cyst of the omentum without interruption of pregnancy. * * * cyst of the ovary with extensive * * *, removed at the tenth week of pregnancy and * without any interruption of the ordinary * *. * * * instance of a woman who was * at the sixth month of pregnancy.
* * of a successful * during pregnancy; *, one of the arm; *, one of the arm; *, * through the shoulder * for an * *, * delivery and recovery; and * * * * * fracture of the arm, * * * * * *. * * * * of a * * for malignant disease * * during pregnancy. The patient, who was * * in gestation, * * *.
* * a case of * * in the third month of pregnancy with * *. * * * the femoral region, and there was a safe * * *. In the second month of pregnancy * * * * * causing acute symptoms and * * * interfering with *. * * * * * * instance of removal of * of the vulva * pregnancy, and says that there are many cases of * of venereal * without any * *. * * * * * * * and third month in two cases of * * * women. The first case * * * *, but in the second case the * * died and * * *. * operated on a * fistula in the sixth month of pregnancy * * of pregnancy, which is far from the general * * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * * both the fingers and * in a case at five months and the * * to term. * * * a double * from a woman * and a half months, without interruption, * * * *, * * * from the bladder * * in the fourth month of pregnancy, and * * * in the seventh month. * * * * * of a tumor * * from a pregnant * * *.
The following extract from the * * * * * illustrates the * * * * * *.
* * * * * * * *, * * cases where pregnancy and * * *, though the uterus of each patient had * to the abdominal *. In two of the cases the * * * * five years before the pregnancy *, although the bands of adhesion between the fundus and * must have become * * * so long a period, * * * encountered. In two of the cases * was used, but not on account of uterine *; * * * *, and in one of the two * * was delayed. The placenta * * * * * * * * *. * * progress of pregnancy in several of these cases. The * not increase * in its posterior *, * *, so that, as might be expected, the fundus * itself from the abdominal wall. Even if the * * broken down they would of necessity be so * * * * for their original purpose after delivery. * * could not share in the process of *. *, the uterus * * *, it is * its original * before the onset of the disease * * *.
The coexistence of an extensive tumor of the uterus with * does not necessarily mean that the product * will be *. * * of a case in * * complicated with fibroma of the uterus, * * * at term. * * a case * complicated with a large uterine fibroid. * * at full term, and although there was * the mother *. * describes a case * tumor of the uterus * *, but not * weeks after delivery. * * a case of * * tumor of the uterus occluding the cervix. * * of symptoms of eclampsia * was performed * *, followed by * hemorrhage. The * * peritonitis and collapse, but the * * *. * * a case of pregnancy * * * * * of the uterus. A living * * at the seventh month, * was performed, and * *.
* * * of a * * * days after labor. * * the removal of a large * of the uterus * * * * *. * describes the * of a large * two days after the delivery * *, *, * *. * * a case of * of the uterus during pregnancy which was * * * of the child; and * * * of a tumor * * * after delivery. * * of a case of * with both uterine fibroids and measles. * * a similar * to the foregoing are too numerous to * taken from *, shows a large * * * of a pregnant *.
There are several peculiar * * * * previously mentioned * * a place *, *, those of * surrounding the fetus. * * * * * membranes from the vulva several weeks before * * * instance in which there was a * * during pregnancy not followed by *. There is a * in which an accident and an * dose of * the fifth month of pregnancy were followed by rupture of * sac, and subsequently a constant flow of watery * for the remaining * months of pregnancy. The * at the time, and was born in an advanced * *, * *, * months after the *. * * * months after of carcinoma of the * * * instance of a woman who * * * * * * * 26th, and * until the 11th * *. At this time, as she *, * * * that there was a watery * the vagina, * proved to be * *. * * *. The discharge *, * size increased, and * of the child continued active. On the 18th * * * * *' * was born. It had an *, * *, always of * * * * *. * * shortly after. The daily * was about * * * * *, * * in all. The * of rupture of the membranes long before * * * * *.
* * of labor * days after the flow of the waters; * * one of * *; * * * of a case of rupture of the membranes * * *. * * * instance in which * * months after rupture of the membranes, * * * *. * * of rupture of * * at about the sixth month of pregnancy with * interruption of the completion of gestation and * of a living *. There is another observation of * * * * days after * of the amniotic fluid. * * * * * * * days after rupture of the membranes. * the history of a double collection of *. * a case in which there was * of a * * * the rupture of the membranes. *, *, *, *, and others * * premature rupture of * without interruption of pregnancy.
* * * instance of the membranes * expelled from the uterus a few days before * at the full term. *, * extrusion of the fetal membranes at the seventh month * while the patient was taking a long * * * retraction, and normal * at term. * of a case in which Nature * * * * of the placenta * * hemorrhage, the * one of placenta *, * * * *. * * of the detachment of the * without the interruption of pregnancy.
* gives a unique example of normal * at full term in which the placenta was found in the vagina, but not a * * membranes was *. The patient had * * * * * months of * *, * time there had been a daily loss of water from the * * and was * her work. There was no * this was a case of * *.
Anomalies of the Umbilical * of the membranes has its counterpart in the deficiency of the umbilical cord, * * in old *. * *, * *, *, * * *, *, * * speak of it, and it has been * *. * * * development of a * * * of the absence of * *. * * an observation of total absence * umbilical cord, with placental insertion near the cervix * *.
There is * * * *. * * * * * * speak of a * *. * * * * *; * * * * instance of a * * * * * instances in which the * has been * *, and there is also a case reported in which there were * in a * *, each of them * * * *. * * gives the account of a most * * of a * alone, the fetus *. * *" * will always be a matter of *.
* death of the fetus is caused by the formation of * in the cord, * off the fetal *; *, *, *, *, *, and others * of this *. * * * * case of * which the cord of one * * * by a * * * of the other. Among others, * * * * of the * * of the bowel with the * * * *.
The diverse causes of * are too numerous to attempt * them all, but some are so * and anomalous that they *. Epidemics of * * * * * *, * * *. Exposure to cold * * of as a * the same is alluded to by the *; while another * * as due to * * *. There are several * the older * in which * are said to have *, but as * are not to be found in *, unless the * is very * * *, * * * but little *. * * gives the * * * * * *; *, *, * * * *; * * * as a plausible cause the * * *. * * * * as a * *. *, *, * * * * * the case of a woman who * * * * * to some *. * * * * following a * in the region of the * * of an * which he * * * * * to answer the * of nature, * * at all times in a state of * * *. * * * at the fourth or fifth * to the absorption of * * *. * * * produced by sneezing. * * * * * a woman * *, and in doing so * * * that she * *. * * * * as a cause of *. * * * * * * in a woman * her to the extent * *.
The causes that are observed every day, * * *, * *, *, * *, are too well known to * *.
There has been reported a recent case of * following a *, * * may be found in the * * * *, * * * as the cause; * are so many * * * * * * *, *, *, any one of which could be * in itself, that this is by no means a reliable * * * * this subject would be quite *.
* * speak of * abortion, and there have been * instances in which the hemorrhage has been *.
* in a * * does not necessarily mean the abortion or death of both the products of conception. * of the case of the * of a * fetus at * *, the living * * to the full term, * * delivered, the placenta *. * * * * of labor that the head of the child * obstructed by * body, the nature of which he was for some time * *. * managed to push the * * * * a living, * *; this was soon followed by * *, which was * *, * *, * * * * *. It is quite common * * fetus to be * * * at term with * *, * *.
* * of twin pregnancy, with the death of one fetus at the fourth * and the other * at term. * * * of twins, with one * * and the *; * * a similar *. * * * * at term, in which one * * * and the * at the fifth month * *. * * * *. * gives the history of an extraordinary case of * which one *) * was retained in the womb * *, the other having been * * at the * * *. * describes a case of twins in which one * from the effects of an * between the fourth and * and the second * at full *. * * * in which one of the * * about the *, * was not * until the seventh, and the other * * full term. * * of a secondary or * of the third month with fatty degeneration of the * * * with its * * at the eighth * *.
There was a case * * * of a robust * * * * *, and in * * * *. * * *, but, to her *, * * the symptoms * * *, and in * * * * the result of the same * as the fetus, * at the fourth *. * * * * * * * * of Medicine in which a * * at the third month of pregnancy and the other * * full term. The * * * * *, * * * * * * of the * could be * * and pregnancy * * *. * * * * pregnancy in which * * place at the second * and was followed by * * at full term. * gives a case of * by a natural * at full term; and * * * instance in which there was a * at the * and a birth at full term.
* in the * * of a most * * of a woman who had had a * * * *; * * pain and a * discharge. A number of * seen in the vagina, and the next day a mass about the * * * * away from the uterus, * * *, * * a number of dead *, killed by the * * * soon after the *. The fact *, * after their * the symptoms *. This case * a somewhat similar * * * * *, in which a * * eaten by a * are those cases * * * * * * in the uterus; * Hole, in which * were found in * and uterus; and *, in which the * * * * in the * * * * * *.
We can find * * to all of these in some of the older *. * * *' account of a woman * * * * * * * * * attached to * a live *, * * * it to death. * * * showing the * in situ. * * * * * a woman who conceived by a *, and who, * *, was delivered by a * of a * *, * an animal with a long *, * eyes, and * * says that in the * * * there is * work on "Diseases", which is not usually regarded as * * * * statement with regard to * in the * * * * * * develop in the * *, * * * is that the feces * * * * * that there would not be sufficient time during * for the formation of * of such a size. The * applies to * *. * * of these * * be found in the fact that many infants * * * of parasites with the first *. It is difficult * * to make of these opinions; *, with the exception * cases in some of the * * * *, there are no records in medicine of the occurrence * in the infant at birth. It is possible that other * * * pieces of mucus, may have been * * *.
* * *.
* *.
* * * * * we shall first consider those * instances in which * * * * and for some * reason the * * *. * women are anatomically * * * * * *, and pass through the * * * * *; but to the great majority * of labor * * with extreme *, * * victims of the present * * * *.
It seems strange that a physiologic process like * should be * by so much pain and *. * * primitive and natural state seem to have difficulty in *, and even animals are not free from it. * * * * * * * * the pubic bones of their * shortly after birth, and by some * * *, in order that these might have less * * it were, a modified and early * *. * consequence of this * * * * *, * * an old * *, had a *, * in their *" * * * said that for the * the women in some parts of * * * * * female children. * report is very likely * * this bone * * * * * *. * * *, in their * * * papers on the modes of * * * *, substantiate the fear, pain, and * * * * *, even in the lowest * *.
* view of the usual occurrence of pain and * * *, it seems * * exceptions to the general * in all ages * * the attention of medical * * * should be replete with such * * * * instances of * *. * records a birth as having occurred during * * * during an * *. * * * * * * in an * attack; and * * * cases occurring during the * * *. * * * histories of two *, * * * anticipating the event, * * * *, * *. In the first case, * of the * * the assertion; in the second, * suspension of the menstrual * accounted for * some months * developed in this case. * of a *. *, * * birth to * in her * at full term, and who two years after * * months. In *, a year after the *, * * of a healthy, * * of about * * *' growth in the following *: While at stool, * something of a *, * * * the external *, but she also found that when she * the tumor *. This tumor proved to be the * had been expelled from the uterus four days before, * * and membranes intact, but which had not *; it had passed through the os * * *, and had * * in the vagina * * * * it was delivered, * by the foot.
The state of intoxication * * record of several cases to render * * * *, as well as serving as * * * in the * *.
* * * * * * * has been discussed, * * * cases of * * * *. * says that none of the subjects * pain or were aware of the birth, and offers the * to facilitate the state of * it should be * * * * have occurred.
Instances of * * * during sleep, *, *, and similar conditions are by no means *. * of birth during a * *, * * * * during sleep. * relates the case of a *, * of several children, who on one occasion * * * *. * relates the instance of a * * in the * * *, *, * * * * * * * on the previous *. *, the doctor found that she had * * *, * the os * * to the size of a *. * * * suggested that everyone *, * * * * * * * he should be called. * *. * of the *, in great *, * * *: * * *, * y a * * * * * * *" and, to *. * *, * * * of a child * * during a profound * * *. * * minutes the * followed. The * was only twenty years old, said that she had * * was the matter with her, * * with a *, * *, * probably, the head * *. * * * with the usual *.
* * of a woman, * at term, * * into a sleep * * *, * * that she was in * and in *, and that * after a fine * * over the *. After sleeping for about four * * * noticed a discharge from the vagina. * * for a light, * * he obtained it a child * * * *. In a few minutes the * * the feet of a second * *, and the child * in three *, followed in ten * by the * is an * case in which * progressed to the * during sleep.
* describes the case of a woman * * * * birth to a robust * on the 16th * *, * * * *. * * * * *. * * * and was delivered under the following *: * * * on the * * * 5th and * * * * to sleep. * *. * * * necessity of * *. * * * * for the purpose. * at once * * * * * *, * him that a child was born * * * * for a physician. * saw the * in about ten * * was in the same *, * * * her to be * *. * examining the * * found a female * * *. * * the cord and * for the child. * * * hemorrhage and made a complete recovery. * * * * through the uterine * * * * *, * * *, and which * * * call for *.
* says that in he was sent for in *, * * * *, * * * * in a case of labor. * * * * * *. At about * in the *, after a partially * * was a sudden * of blood and water from the vagina; * * * into an * *. * * *, soon followed by the body, after which * * flow of blood, * out in several *. The child * * *, and was * * time in making *. Only by * did the * * *. * * * * to sleep, but soon after * * * * * to know what had happened. She had * * * in all. * * of a woman who, * * period for *, went into an extraordinary * *, and in this condition on the third day * * * *.
* * * a case of * * * * * * pregnancy. The * * * of her condition and was delivered * * * a case in which there was absence of pain *. * * a woman who * in a public * was delivered of a living * during a * * * *. * * * labor in a patient *. * * of the case of a woman who * of a * while in a state of artificial * * * * or injury to the child. * * * * * * * * * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * *.
* * * * * * * symptoms that are the usual precursors of labor often lead * * * * *. According to *, *, * a poor *, * *, * * an open, *, and cold *, was delivered by the * of Nature, * *, * * of her * * * * * against a wall, and * * * * * *, where it * for more than a quarter of * with its * separated from the placenta. * * * by the * of the infant. * *" is described a remarkable case of * * * * * *, who had been * by some * * * * * * in two, in the same manner as * by the lower animals. From her * * * * * * that she had * idea of the object of *, and it must have been * * * * * *. * * the wife of * * was delivered * * * while in a * * *. * put the child * * with some * *, * * to her * * a half * *, and after * *' * * * * * * * to her own *; despite all * * * the next day to thank * * * * *' *. There is related the history of a * a woman who was delivered of a child on a mountain * *, who took * * * * * the child up in * with the *, * * * * * *, * * * *.
* * a case, which he learned from the * * *, *, of a woman with * * * * * * in the *, * * *. They were forced to a * * of a *, and the *, * * * * *, * to a *, and there * * *. * * them to the *, * * *, * up in a *, * them to her back, and that very *, *, * with the *, and was none * for her experience. The next day the * * * * * * *, affected by the story, to repeat * * *, * * * to be * * *.
* relates the account of a woman who, having a * while in bed with her *, * to an *, as if *, and was there * of a child. * * * *, * * and her * not being noticed by * *. * * the child, "and * * *, and was * in the * *, * A similar * is related by the same author of * * * * * * *, * * * * lying in the same * with her *. * * * *, * took the * * to a * *, * * it at the bottom of a *, * it with *; * * * * on the part of her *. It so * that it * habit of the * * * * in at night * * a light, to ascertain * * was all right, and * * her secret *, * led to her * * * * * *.
* relates the history of a case of great * *. * * *, who was *, * * it, and * * pains to * *. * * * * with two other *, and, on *, * * * * * in question * * * * *, * * * *. For this purpose * * * * * * *, and as she * * down the child * * the empty *. It was only then that she * * * nature of her *. She did not examine the child * * * * * * * *. * * * * *, * * * an attempt to tie *. * * as a *, * took up the * with its contents * it to a * * * * *, * * * in a hole in the * that she * * *. * * up with * * * * * so that the * not get *. * returned to her *, * * * * at the stable. * * * * * * * * on a *. * the blood * *, * * * if she had * way with the child. *: "Do you take * for an old *" *, * * *, * * the blood * to the * * * *, * * up the child, which was about one * the surface. On the * of air, following the removal * * * *, the child began to *, and was * up and carried to its *, * * it and * * * * * * * it the breast. The child * * * exception of a *, and must have been * * * * minutes and no * could have reached *. * * that the child was born * and was buried in *, and only began to assume * * * * * * exposed to the air. This curious case was * * * * *. *, and is of *; it became the subject of a * * * *.
During the * * * * * * * an enormous * was assembled to see the * *, and in * was a woman almost at the time of delivery; * * she received in her * to obtain a place of * sufficient to * contraction, and, in an *, * * birth to a *, * * * * *. * pushed back and made way for the * *, * and child * * off, the mother * * *. * * *, * of a woman accused of * *, * * * * * on a single * with her * * * *.
There is also a case of a female * * * *, who was frequently * by her * * * * * it. On * * * * sent to * * *. * *, * asked the boy * * to stop and allow her to get out. * went into a recess in *. In five minutes * * seen to leave the * * * *, * *, a distance of a * and a half. * * * * to work as usual, and would not have * * had not a boy, * * * from the * * *, * * *, * * * to save the * * * * * she did not * * * * * * * * by the sudden birth that it must have been * *.
* says that one day, * crossing the * * *, * * * * * in the *, * * * women with large * * * *" on their *, coming from a * about four *. * one of the women * * for a *, and to his * dropped a fully developed * * the ground. One of her * ran into the *, * * *, for a * to divide the cord. A few of * * formed a screen about the mother with *, and the cord was divided. * * * *, * * * * to the *. It was * * * was the mother of two children, was * *, had not the slightest sign of * *, and was * * * * * * felt the child * *.
* * *, * * he was * * to see an * * who had * a child without the slightest * found the child, * had been * * *, * * * * body, with the * *. The native *, at the * *, * left the child *, * * to give it air. The * said that she * * * well, and during the * * * down a * of steps across a walk to a small * * * of her *. * a little *, she had * on her *, * * experienced a slight *, * under the impression that something solid and * * * contact with her *. * * * * * * * *, and then a female * * * * * * extended over * hours, and were * all the signs distinctive of *, * * * interest to the case. The ultimate fate of the * * *. * * *, * * he was called * a woman who was delivered * * * * * *. * found the child on the floor with its * * *.
* * the case of a woman, *, *, * * *, * * * in the abdomen. * * * * *, * determined to go to a * * she could be confined * *. She had a * * * to go, and when she was about half way she * in an * position of a child, * * * * * * * * in the *. Shortly after, * * *, * * * on her *, * * in her *. * the physician saw the * *, * well and free from pain, but * * *. The child, which was * *, * *, *, and normal, with the exception of a slight * the parietal * on the left side. The * * * * * from the umbilicus. * * * * *. * the intense * * * * * as to prevent fatal hemorrhage * and child. This case has a legal bearing in * that the child had been killed in the *.
There is reported the case of a woman * *, *, * * with her husband, * * * * *, * have been delivered by the * but for the timely * * *, * * *, who was * by, and * * * in her * to her * * *. It was to be * in a few days with an * * * of the *. * met an instance in * woman, who without the slightest * was delivered * * while standing near a * in her *. * * to the floor * * the cord about one * * *, but with * attention the * * *. * has an example in the case of a young * *, who was * * of a child * * *. The cord in this case was * *, * * * * *. * * the description of * who died from an injury to the head caused by dropping * * at an * time, while * was in the *; * * * of a * * on record.
* Places of * * *, the other * positions in which a child may be * are so * * * mention of only a few can be made * * of a painless labor in an * * *, * * * * * *, and while * * * dropped a child. She never * * *, * * * * * over a * road to go * * *. * describes the case of a * *, who had * * * *, who was * the tenth time, and who had * * * * she had an attack of * * * * pregnancy with constipation. She had * * * * returning to * * * * * * * attached to the stool by a band. The child in the * * * and was separated from the woman, who * * * * * * * later. The mother * * of the delivery. * * * in a *.
* * of a woman * * who had a * of nature while in bed, and while * * * * birth to a * *, *, * on the floor, * *. * * * *, * * with it for some time, * *, * * *, * to a hospital with the * * arms, and wanted to * *. * * * * * * of the placenta, * * but little * * *; * * and her * * * *. * * instance of delivery in the * *, * of the * at the placenta. There was * * * a newspaper *, that a woman while at stool * * * * birth to a child which was found * * * *.
There is a * * on record in which a child was born in a * * * * *. The mother was * * * *, who had * * children, the * years before. * * * to have * * *, and among * * was the use of a * * applications for inflammation of the womb. The escape * * for two days was considered evidence of the * * ovarian cyst. At the end of two days, * * * * * * * and an * * *. While in the * * * *, *, * *, to the * * * and her friends. The child might have * had not * * * * *.
Birth by the * some cases in which there is some * to the delivery of a child by the natural *, * of nature * * the product of conception lead to * *. There are some details of * by the * in the last * * * and others. * * * of a woman * *, * * * * * there was a congenital absence of the vaginal * *, * along the *, * at a *, just inside of which was * a fetal *. * * patient and delivered the child with *, * * *. There was little hemorrhage, and the * * * * *. * months later, * an unaltered condition of the * * *; * absence of the vaginal *, and, on * * along the anterior wall of the rectum, * * *, communicating with the vagina; above this point * and the situation of the parts * *. * * * birth to three * children, and * *. * * * *, * * * in the * mind, and had never * to her, of her *.
* * * * delivered by the anus after rupture of the uterus; the membranes * * by the same *. In this * neck of the uterus * cartilaginous and * * * * parts. In seven days after the * * * * * * *. * * * of a woman who * * *, * * the vagina, the other with the rectum. She had * * and had become * in this *, * * * *, created a * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, etc.," for which he was * by the * * by the *. * described a young * who had * *, but who * * by the rectum. * * * to have connection with her in the * *, by the rectum, which, however, * *, and at term * * by the rectum * *. * * of a case of pregnancy in a woman with * *, who was delivered at the seventh month * *. * * * * instances of * * *. * describes a case of * * tubal rupture and * into the *, * * * delivery by the rectum. After an attack of * *, followed by hemorrhage, the * * * * to empty the rectum. The fetal * * * recurrence of these symptoms * the patient to go *, at which * * blood and a * *. * * to remove the offending * * *, and in * * the leg of a *. * * to a hospital, where a * * * * * * the rectum. The rectal * * *, * * obliterated, and the * left the hospital *.
* * * * there is * * during labor, with birth of the * the opening. * * a case of rupture of * with birth of a child between the vaginal * * *. * * a case of * * *. A successful * was performed * * * *. * * of the passage of an * a central opening of the *. *, *, * * * * through a * * alteration in the sphincter * or the *. * * of Women" * * of a * left by * of an infant through the *. *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, and others * the birth of children * *.
* Through the Abdominal * gives a very peculiar instance in which the abdominal * * way from * exerted by the fetus, and the uterus *, * * to be extracted by the hand from the umbilicus; * made a * recovery. In such cases * * * means of * * (which will be * *, but rarely, as *, *. * * * * rupture of the abdominal * during labor.
There have been * reported in which the * * has been *, as well as the * and the sphincter * all the appearance of a birth by the anus.
There is an account of a female who had a tumor * between the vagina and rectum, which was * * *, * proved to be a * *. * * * considered a rather * case, in which the uterus * * * *, the fetus * * * the abdomen and * extracted from an *.
Birth of the Fetus * in the * says that an infant can rest in its * several hours after * loss of life. * * a pregnant * * * lived in their * * an hour. * * observations of infants born * in their *; * * minutes; the other two * *; * * the membranes * cut and air *. * * history of a case * * * * at the * was the birth of twins * in their *. * * opened and, together with the *, * * * * *; there was, however, a happy *, * * and living. * * * * * * * have been *, one in a woman * *, * * * * years, and who had had * in her * * life and a recent *. * * * * * * * * *, after a short *, by the * of the *. The membranes had not been ruptured, and still * fetus and the * *. * * *, the fetus * * on the waters, *, *, * * * * *. * continued to live, and a day * the breast and began to * *. * * weeks it * * *, and at ten *, *, * * * weak and *. * has an instance of a * enveloped in its * * * *. * * opaque and * thickened, and * with a pair of *; * * were made * the child, but to no *. The mother, after a *, made a good *. * * * * * * at birth, the delivery following a *, in a woman * *, * for a second * * of a case of twins, one of which was * in its *.
* * was called in great * to see a patient in *. * reached the house in about * minutes, and was told * *, a woman * experience, that she had * * of the * from the womb of something the like * she had never seen *. * thought it must have * variety of * *, and had * * up in *. * proved to be a * * in its *, * *, * having been * together and *. * * * to rupture the membranes, and the child, * * * * * * for over * *, began to *. * * for over a month, but eventually died of *.
* * * at the end of the seventh month * rupture of the fetal *. * * * speak of * the entire * at the full period of gestation. * * case of * * * *. * * * of a * fetus without rupture of *.
* * reverse of the foregoing are those cases in which, by * of the deficiency of the waters, the birth *. * causes can be stated for such *, * * is referred * for them, the subject * * *. * * * of it, and * * * * and tells of the difficulties of such *. * * a case of labor without apparent *, * * effected by the forceps. * * * * case in which there was prolongation of *, with a large child, and * absence of *. The case was * complicated with interstitial * * and a * *, combined with * position of the occiput and * of the * * a case of labor * * *; * * * without any * *. * a case of the absence of * * associated with * *.
* * Death of the * * are those * cases in which the delivery * * * the death of the mother, or when, * *, * is saved after the maternal *. * * * of a birth in which * was performed * * * * * *. *, *, *, *, * *, *, *, *, and other * * * cases of *. * gives a most * case. The patient was a * * who had * * previous normal * * * * * she had * pains and * * * *, *, after a careful examination, * * * *, * * was told, to her *, * probability of *. * *, * 13th, the * * *. * hours later * * * * with each *. * * * a fatal * * * attempted to * the patient * *, * * in her efforts, and then * * * to the fetuses, and, one by one, * * * * * space of five minutes; the last * was born * after the * death. They all * (the first * females), and they * * * *.
* attention has been directed to the * of accelerated * * labor in the *, in order * * may be saved. * * * * papers on *. * * * * * the child * * in the death * of the mother. * * * from both the * * * * *. * * * * * * * dead and the *. * * * * * * channel in place of * section in cases * * * death, and * * this question * at the International * * * * the question of * * in this country.
* * the history of a woman * * who died in her * pregnancy, and who was delivered of a female * * * * *. * * * * on the child, * * * * from the death of the mother to its *. * the history of a woman * *, who died in * month of gestation, and who was delivered * * *, * * * being used. The operator was * * Cesarean section when he heard the * * * *. * * the extraction of a * * * after the death of the mother. * * * statistics on all varieties of *, * cases of spontaneous * * * * death of the mother.
* states that in * * * * * * * of a * in the mouth of a * * *, * to prevent * of the infant, and there * * * on record, * most of them * * performance of Cesarean section immediately after *.
* records the death of a woman who was * * * her husband * *, and on his * * * * * body, and on * the coffin * * * * *. * * * * * *. * * * under the name of * * * *" * the curious instance in which * * * * * of a woman * * * *. One of * returned to the grave, * * * to the * * * * * * * *. * * * * * *, and together * * to a * * *, * that the grave be opened. When the coffin * it was found that a child had been *, * * to her *. * *, to this day, may be * * * *: * * * * *, * * * *, who was found * of a child * * * * hours in the grave."
* * relates the case of a * woman, and that some time * * * * * in the *. The coffin * opened, and a living * * * to the * the corpse. * * the birth of a living * hours after the death of the mother. * * * * * * * after the * *. * * * there is a record of an instance, in
1759, in which a *, after the death of a woman * * * to deliver, * that she * a movement * * and found a child * * * *. * * *. * * says that while the body of the mother * * was being carried to the grave, a loud * * to come from the coffin and on examination a live * * between the * arose the *: * * * *, * * *.
Other cases of * * are less *, the delivery * * * * for the child to be *. * * * * was that of a pregnant woman who * by a * * * While still *, * *, * * * said to have dropped from *. The second case was of a woman * *, * * * * in a *. Some months after, when the * *, * * * was found by the side of the * * of a woman who died * *, * * * placed in a *, * days later a * * * were found on the *. * * * * *: * * * to deliver a woman, * * * hours after * * * * to such * as to * * *, and a male *, *, * * from the vagina. * * of a woman, who died * * *, *, * * * *. * * * * in the corpse * * * * * * * was found * between the * * *, * * * * * instance of * * * * * * advanced in *, * * * * * * * *. * * * signs of *. * relates the * a child on the second * after the death of the * * *, * reported the case of a woman * * convulsions, and * hours after * * * * * *. * writes to a friend of a * * * between the thighs of a woman who * * * acute disease. * * that of a woman, * * *, a child * * * * was born at * * of a woman dying of * * * * * *, two days later, issued a child. * * case of a woman * * labor in * * * * hours after *, Cesarean section * * * * was delayed, and * hours after a * * *. * * * * of a child * * open and tongue *, which was born * * * on the way to the grave. * * *, * *, relates the story of a case in which * * on a woman * *, who died * * * * *. The body * *, and a * of the womb * * * above the cervix was * the body of a * * * * between the thighs. *, * * of a woman who was laid out for *, and on removal of the covers for burial a child * in bed with her. * is credited with the description * death of a woman * * * failed to deliver. * *, * coroner had the body *, *, * * *, * * * * was found * * lying on the lower *, the cord and placenta * * from the mother.
Some time after * * * found between the thighs of a * * * * * * had been * * relates the history of a case of a woman * * * the movement of her * for the fourth time in the * *. In the following * she had *, * symptoms of inflammation in the right lung following, * * * death on the 31st of the month. For two * to her * she had failed to perceive * *. * was kept on her back in a room, * * *, * * hours, the members of the * * her to * * * on her * was no * * * distortion of the * * *. When the * * * * * * * * *, *, * * * * which they * for a * *. * * *, a few hours before *, the men * * the swelling they had seen the day before. A second * it to be a * * *, * lying between the * * with the mother by the umbilical cord. * * *, * * was called to examine the * with negative *, though the signs of death * * * for a woman * * *. * * the body of the fetus confirmed the * * * * * * *. * * * * that the mother was in a * at the time of delivery * * *.
* gives the instance of a woman * in pregnancy, *, who happened to be * several days *. The body was in an advanced state of *, * * was found in the coffin. It was * that the * * in the * * * * the fetus from the * * of a woman * * *, who was * with rigors, headache, and vomiting. For a week * to do * * work, and in addition * * her husband. * * * without having * * or any * indicative of *. The body * * hours after death and was seen to be *, and the abdomen *. There was no * from the genitals, but at the time of raising the * * it in the coffin, * fetus, with the umbilical * from the vagina. * seemed to have been a * in this *, * * pressure of gas * the fetus as well as the uterus from the body. * * is the view taken by * and others in the * * * *.
* * of the * are on record * cases of children * in the uterus during pregnancy, and * * * * have been constructed from * *. Quite possible, however, and * * are the cases in which the child has been * * * the progress of * is, during * * of infants * in the womb, and attempts * explanation of the fact. * * * * * in reference to this *.
* * * * * * * * * * *. * *; * * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * *.
* * * examples of the child * in the uterus. Cases of * * *, * in the vagina, * before the complete * of the head from the os * * numerous in the older *; and it is quite * on auscultation of the pregnant * * * * * * * *. *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * speak of children * * * * relates the instance of a * * * * be heard * * from the *. * * the subject of infants * * *.
* describes a case in which he * states that a child * * in utero * application of the * compared the sound as though from a * in the *. * was in the uterus, not in the vagina, and continued * during the whole of the five minutes occupied by *.
* * the legendary history of Cesarean section is quite *, it is very * that we * records in the * of the older * * works of *, *, *, *, * * * relative to records of successful *. *, * says that * * was the * * the second of the * * * their lives to * * Cesarean section; in his * * * * * * was born in this way, the fact * origin to *. * * this and say that his name came from the * of hair which he *. It is a frequent subject in * *, and there are many * of the birth * * Cesarean section from the corpse * *. * tells us of the birth of * in the *: * * * the house * *, daughter of * * * in great * * * to take * * body of the mother the fruit of seven *. * * we know, * *. *, according to the * * *, had been excised from the * of his * *, who was * on the * *, by his *; and from this * * products of * * regarded as * * *, and were thought to have * * * * *.
* * tell us that one of the * * * was delivered in this way, and we also have records of the birth * * *, * *, by this method. * * * to have been * * * * * *, the father, after the * of the physicians * * *, *: "Save the child by all means, for * be able to get * *" * * * * * to have been delivered in this way after the death * *, * *, who was killed by being * * *. * * * * *, "who was * * * * *" must have been such a * * *, * * *. * * * said to have been taken from his * * * *. * * Transactions, in the last * accounts of Cesarean section performed by an * and also by a *; and there are many records of * * performed by * *, * * *, * * of the * *.
By the advent of antisepsis and the * * * and others, Cesarean section has come to be a * * * a record of the successful * * hardly be considered * * * interest, and would be out of * of this work, but a * of anomalous cases will *. * * a case of Cesarean section on a * * * *, * * * * * * *. It was the ninth * * to the * * *, only the third *, and the first * one in *. * * * * * * * * * * *. The hygienic * for the * not of the best, as the * lived in a *. * * performing the * was determined * * *. * * *, and in * the case was *. The child was a female of * * * * deformities of its *. * * * and a half *, when it died of * * represents the mother and child.
* * * account of an operation upon a * * who was * by a large man, a * * * * * * delivered by the *. *. * * account of a * * in the case of * * * * *, in which both the * * *. * * of twins * * * *. * gives the instance of a * at full term of a living * by this means, * * also found a * *. * * behind the stump of * cervix, in the * * *. The patient * *.
* * a case of Cesarean section on a * * * at full term, with the delivery of a double * * *. * * consisted of * of about the same size, * from the * * * *, * * cord and one *. It was * * was made * * * * * * * * *, * * that this was * * Cesarean section for * * * *, and added that in * * * * * * * *.
Instances of repeated Cesarean section were * numerous, and the * of the * *, before the uterus * at the first *, as is now generally *. * two sections in the same woman, and * * * * in which the * * * * * * the same *. * * * * * * * * *. * * a case * it was * performed on a woman with a * * * the second * * * * twins; the children * *. * * * instance in which * * were performed on a patient, both of the * being in * *. * * a similar * * * account of a * * * on the *; in the first the child *, but in the second *. * * * instance of a woman * * gives a similar *. * * * * * * * * * four times in the *; * * a case in which it was * * * * * * instance in which he * * operation on a woman four times, with successful * * mother and children, despite the presence of peritonitis * *. He had * * * * * * * cases in which Cesarean section * * performed with successful * as regards * and children. * * a number of * from medical literature.
Cases of Cesarean section by the patient * are most *, but may be readily * if there is any * * * of the * * done in * *. * * account of a successful * performed in his * preservation of the lives of both mother and child, * * * * *, * *. The young * * on in the * manner, the hemorrhage * * a hot *. * * were made by means of seven *, * *, * *, * * and skin. The wound * * * days, and * made a complete recovery. * * describes the * * * woman who, * unable to bear the * of labor *, took a sharp * and made a deep * * * enough to wound * * of her *, * the child, placenta and all. * * * *, * * the wound up in a manner similar to the * bodies are * at the present *.
* gives the instance of a woman who, on * * by her husband after a previous * *, * to free * the child, and * * * * * * * * * side of the abdomen with a * *. * * the patient was * * with blood and to * *. * * * * * from the abdomen * the mother, who lived * * hours. In * * * * * * of a young * * * * * uterus and extracted * * * * * days; the * *. * * * * * *, *, in which the * * * * *, * * * *. There is * account of a poor * * *, * * *, *, * greatly from the * * * to open * abdomen and uterus. * * * * * up the * * she had * the child, and * time of report, several months later, both the mother * were doing *.
* * the case of a woman * *, in her * *, *, * * *, * * * * * *, * the uterus, and * out a male * * * * * * long, and extended * * above the umbilicus * *. There was little * bleeding and the uterus was firmly *. She did not * * for three hours. The child was found dead and, * *, * * by her side. The * * * by the * * that they * *, or possibly * might have been saved * * of the *. * * arrival of the * * * done, and * *.
A most * case of * of pain and * was one occurring in *, * * * * * * *. A young woman, * *, at full term, * *, * *, * her own * on the left side * * * such as is generally used in *. * * * inches, and was * * * *. * * the uterus in the same *, * to extract the fetus. To * the extraction, * out an arm and * it, and finding the * *, * cut off the head and * * *, including the placenta. * * a tight * * body and * the fetus in a * *. * * * * * to her * *. * * * * * went into the * * *, * * * * * * * in blood as * * * was not *. * * *, * * *, * * * with an attack of vomiting and *. * * *. * * *, * relate the * * * * from the * of the * which the bulk of the intestines had been * * past six hours. The abdomen * *, * * * after the * day the process of healing * *, and the * made a * * * * to hide * *.
* like the foregoing * no more * than those on record in which an abdominal * has been *, *, *, * *, and the fetus * through the * * of a case in which a * was born * * made by a * * in the * *. * a case in which the wound made by the * * * large to permit the * *, but it * * through the opening. * * of a * *, who in the eighth month of her * * * by a *, * * * a transverse * * *, * from one * * to the other. * was found * * * and with an *. The small intestines * lying between the thighs * * coagulated blood. In the process of *, * * * * * through a * * *. * * was treated with the usual * * * * *. In a month * * *. * * * without any * except that due to a * on the left side. The child * at the end of *.
In a very * * * * * has collected nearly all the remaining cases on record, and brief * * of them will be given *. * *, *, * * * * by a * *. * * * open, and the child and membranes *. * * * * * * * upper lip and * *. The mother * * * hours of her * taken from an * * * * by a * *, possibly the same case. *, *, * * * * * by an * * * month of pregnancy; the * entered the * *, * * from the * *, * the uterus. The right arm of the fetus *; * * enlarged and the fetus and placenta *. * of a woman who was * by a cow * * *, * * and child * * delivered and *.
In the * * *, *, * * * * * by an * in the superior portion of her *, * * * * * * * the uterus in the *. *. * * * * * * * * to take charge of the case. While they were * * delivery by the vagina, * *, in an attack *, * the line of * * * *, dead. On the * day the patient was * * * * at the end of the * week. The * * * health and, although she had * * *, * * * * *.
* * * instance of a woman * *, the mother * * children, who * * * * * * * *. * * were not torn, but she * that the child * out, and * * it in her *. * * seen by * * * from the place of *, * * to her house. The * * and the child * from the *. A physician saw the * of an hour * and found * * * *. There was * but not * of blood, and several * of intestine * * *. The womb * * * through the wound, * * was still attached to the * *. * in the uterus * *. The mother died in one and * * from the * of her *, but the child *.
* * * instance of a woman * years old who was * by an * * while in the ninth month of * pregnancy. The * entered at the anterior * process of the *, involving the * * *. The child * extruded through the wound about half * after the occurrence of the *. The cord * * * * * * *, though the mother * * * * * * story of a * * * to obtain water from a stream and was cut in two * * * * over. A passing * * to move in the water, *, * *, * * be a living * in its *. It was * * * * * * * for some time after.
* * * possibility of * a child * Cesarean section after the death of the mother has * for a long time to the students of medicine. In the * there were * * * the opening of the * of pregnant women shortly after *. * * the first *, which was called * *" * * times there were many such *. A full * * * is on record. * was believed * * * of six months or over, and, as stated, * * * * to have been born in this manner. * *, who on * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *" saw the light * * by a happy * operation on his * * * * * * * *. * among others the case of an infant who was found * hours after the death of his mother. * * * * * * * * * discuss this * * of a case in which a child was delivered * * of its mother, and some of the older * * * * of the * in the * * * * *. * * of the delivery * * after the death of the mother * * * * *.
* * * * examples. In * * * * * * killed by *, and the next day the * opened by * command and a living * * * * * *, who was * to death at a * * * * said to have had a living * * her body the next day. Like all * *, * * to be false, * her body * * beyond the * recognition, and, *, * was only four months * * another case of a young woman who * * * * * into the *. Her body * *, * * who was present * * * from a * * * * a living * in the presence of the *. * * this subject * * * * * * * * *.
* * the successful results of a number of cases of Cesarean section * * * *.
* * * * minutes after death of the mother, * * * * * * of St. * * reports of cases of Cesarean section * death with the following *: * *; * signs of life; were born *. * * * for any length of time. * * * * * * * * minutes after death, they may * *; * from six to ten *, they may still be *, * *; * * ten to * * will be highly *. In a great number of these * * * * or dead in one *. Of course, * death is sudden, as by *, *, * *, * * are better. * * * * *, and we are safe in * * * indicative of * *, * * the old reports of death * * some time before *.
* is credited with * showing that in * * * signs of life, but only *.
During the * * *, *, * * at the *, was called to an * *, * lying in bed near the end *, had been killed by a * * * the base * skull and entered the brain. * * the child * * and it * for several days. In another case a * * from a * for a distance of more than * death resulting; thirty minutes at least after the * the mother an infant * *, *, * *, * * * * * * * states that * may take place * * * or even an hour after the death of the mother, and he * an extraordinary * * * of a successful * * hours after the * *; * woman, who * * *, * * * * * * *.
* records the case of a successful Cesarean section * minutes after *. The patient was a woman * * * * month of pregnancy, who was * * *, * * * in ten *. * * * * * * Cesarean section was performed * * * * *. This infant * * * * of a *, but it died in * hours in * * * birth and * *.
* * of a woman, nine months *, who was * * by a * * * in the * * *. * in about * minutes, and in about * * * * * was extracted from her * Cesarean section. * a similar case in the * *. *, * *, in 1829;
but in this case the child was born * five minutes *. * * of a case in which the mother * * of the aorta, and in from * * thirty minutes * * *. * comment on this case * * * * that he * it possible to save a child * * the death of the mother. No less an authority * * of a case in which a child was born * an hour * * of the mother. * relates the history of a woman * suddenly in *. * * was made * * * death, and a male * about four * * * *. The child * * * * * *. *, after numerous and persistent * *, applied for about two and a half *, * * established and the child * * * a successful instance of removal of the * the death of the mother * *.
* * * account of a woman * * which is of special interest. The mother had become * * * * cessation of *, and a uterine * * * * * of the * at this * *. * died, and one * later a living * was extracted * *. There are two other * * * * after an hour * * from the death. One is * * in which the extraction * * hours after *, * * *, and the other by * in which * * * * *, when the child was taken * *.
Cases of rupture of the uterus during pregnancy from the pressure of the contents * * of the fetus by some * are found in * * medical literature, * to have been of special interest to the older * * a case in which the uterus ruptured and * * from the vulva. * * similar to * recorded by * is also found in the last * *. * * *, * * * of the *, * * examples of the uterus * in the * of pregnancy and the mother *. * * * of rupture of the uterus occasioned by the presence of * fetus, and there is recorded the account of a * by a * * * * * way into the abdomen. * * accounts of cases of rupture of the uterus with birth * * and the recovery of the *. * * * in which the uterus * * by the feet of the fetus.
* has an account of a * case in * in which * * from the pressure of the fetus; and * * illustrates the * * * in pregnancy by a postmortem examination after a *, in which the stomach was found * * * and lying under the left *. * * * * of a case of premature * * * in which rupture of the uterus * * the fact that the case was * * *, the patient *.
Rupture of the uterus and recovery does not necessarily * * * pregnancy and delivery by the *. * * * instance of a ruptured * * * * * * * from whom * * * * * * section and who was * * * * * * about one year *. Analogous to * is that of *, * * * instance of a woman * * * five times of dead *; she had a * pelvis and * * * * at the eighth * * *. In her * * she had * *, and, in *, * * * in an *, but she * and had * *.
Occasionally there is a spontaneous rupture of the vagina during the process of *, the uterus * * * such a case in a woman who had a most *; * * * * * quite extensive, * * made a good *. * * * * * * of the *. * * * * * * * was neither * * * *, * rupture of the vagina * place with the escape of the * the abdomen of the mother, and was * * * * section. A * of this case was the * from the uterus, * * or other * being attempted and the uterus * *.
In some cases there is extensive sloughing of the genitals * * * * far beyond *. * * case in which the whole * *, yet to his * * *. * * * speak of recovery * cases after loss of the whole *. * * * a most * case in which a * * * from an impacted *. * * *, * * stature, and was in * a long time. After * of the parts * and progressed to such an * in one * there were no traces of the labia, *, *, or anus. There was simply a large * from the * * to the *. * septum, the lower portion of the rectum, and * of the bladder * *. * * * * * * great difficulty in * * * * the rectum. A similar * * * a woman * * who was * hours in *. * of the uterus * into the vagina and the * * * *. The lower part of the * between the labia; in the presence of the physician * * * out and it separated at the sphincter *. * the parts a single * * seen, as in * *, from the * to the *. Some time * end of the intestine * * inches and * on the * surface of the rectum. * * * to support the rectum and prevent * of air. * of the parts * * complete and the opening * * to bring * view the whole inner surface of the pelvis, * of which, after prolonged *, the wound * * * and health *, except as regards * * feces and urine. * * * * two months without * the other functions.
There are cases in which, through the * of the * or the physician, * * organs are * * and extracted. There have been instances in which * uterus and its *, not being *, * * *. * * * instance of a woman * * was in her * *. * * * * * * did not * *, * at the * * at its *. * * introduced her * * * * proved to be the whole of the uterus, with * ovary and fallopian tube, a portion of the round * the left tube and ovarian * attached to it. A * of omentum * from the vulva and upper part * vagina, and an enormous * * *. * saw the * * *, * * * * * *. On the * *, after a *, * * able to drive to the * * * distance of five *. At the time of report, two years * months after the *, * was in * * * into the statistics of such cases and found * * of the uterus in the * * *. All but three of these were without a * * * inversion of the uterus.
A medical * * * * * * because he made a similar *. He had * a woman by means of *, and, after delivery, * * * * * *. This "tumor" consisted of the uterus, with the * to the fundus, * *, a portion of the *, containing one ovary and about three * * * * was not *. * * case, with *, * * *, and was reported by *. * *, * * * *, * out a * * *, together with the uterus and the whole *, from within cm. of the pylorus to within cm. of * valve. The * * * * of an * the intestines had been found in the * (where the * * *, * * * * * * * * instance in which a *, in her * * * *, * * on the cord, * * *, ovaries, and tubes, and * the vulva and * far as the anus.
* * the story of a * who was four months *, and who, on * * with severe * * * *, succeeded in * the fetus and * * *, * the uterus in the *. There is a case * * * * *, * * *, *, * * * * by her father, * * in a * *, * * * * * *. * * * * * * pains, and * *. On his * * * * *, with her * * * * * * *. * * * * * while standing *, with her * on the back * *. The child * *, * with it the * as the * * the child fell to the floor. * * * of the womb * *.
It would too much * this chapter to include the many * incident to *, and only a few of * * be given. * * rupture of an aneurysm * * hemorrhage, the entrance of air into the uterine * sinuses, and common * will be omitted, * * * like those of * *, *, * are several other cases that deserve *. * * instance of separation of the * * * * *. * separation of * * discerned at the *, and in addition the * * also quite *. * * had not been * * in the latter part of her pregnancy. The child * * and had a large * in a remarkably advanced stage *, with the * * *. * *, * during the passage of the head the * to such an extent that * * * * *. The mother *, and had * * * *.
* * a case of the separation of the pubic bones in *. * * a case of fracture of the pelvis * *. * * a most * * patient, it appears, had a large * on the body of * *, * *, * * through the walls * uterus and bladder, resulting in death. * * * of death from perforation of the uterus in this * * such an *.
* * * instance in which there was * of the liver * *; * * records a case of * the spleen after labor.
* is an operation consisting of division of the pubic * in order to facilitate * * * *. * * * a most remarkable * during the * years. It originated in a suggestion * * in his work * * and in was first performed by * * * * body in order to save the child, and * *, * for the same purpose. In * * * operation on the living, * * was the one * *, *, * * * * considered to be the first *, * * is very * known as the * * * time to when the * * * *, it had been * *, with a * * per cent. * * *, * * * * * *, * * *, * * years had * * * with a mortality of *. Owing to * * *, the last * * * showed a mortality of only * * * * was only per cent. * * of this operation is quite *, and is * reviewed by * * *. * * *, * * * * with a maternal mortality of per cent and a fetal mortality of
28 per cent. In his * * * * cases with
2 maternal deaths and * *, * * * 14
cases from the * * with no * death and *, * * * * *, two days *. All the modern statistics are * *.
* * a case in which the * attachment of the fetal head to the uterine * * * * * impossible, and it was necessary to perform *. * * region of the child * to the * of the neck of the uterus, * connected by * * * * years old, and the child * * *.
Delay in the Birth of the Second * twin pregnancies there is sometimes a delay of many days in the birth of a second * to such an extent as to give * * * * of one * two months before the other. * * of a delay of * days; and there were * * * * in the last *, one of which was * days, and the other * * interval of seven weeks * * of the *. There is an old * on record * there was an interval of six * * * * * account of three * in ten *; * a case with an interval of ten *; *, * * days; and *, one of one *. * a case in which one * was born two months after *, and there was no secretion of milk * after the *. A full description of * case is given in * * *, as follows: A woman, * * * * labor in the eighth month of pregnancy. * * * * *, *, though not fully *, *. There was * in her *, * she could * * * of another *; * * increased in size. * * she had * *, and a fully developed * * was born, * * than the first. On the * after, the breasts * enlarged, and * * *. It was noticeable in this case * * * * * quarter of an hour after the *. * * * instance of * *' *; * one of seven *.
* * * instance of a * * *, the mother of four children, who was taken * about two * * * *, and was easily * of a *, * * well formed, with * *, * * the birth the mother * * * * * *. * * * to be dying of *, * * days the mystery * cleared by the birth of a *, * * *. * mother and child * *.
* describes the case of a woman who was delivered of a healthy * child, and * * * until the * * * day, when * * set in, and * about the size of a * * were born. In this *, * an example of *, the patient * * recovery and the first child lived. A similar * * * * in which a woman was delivered * * * * *, of a * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * days after). * * * was delivered of twins, a boy and a *, * *. The placenta * of the consistency of * had to be * away with the hand. The mother and * *. * * was the mother of ten * * * of this *, and at the latter occurrence * absence of pains and a very easy *.
* had a case with an interval of seven weeks between the *; * of two months; * * * days; and * with an interval of two months. * * * * * * * four days *. * * *, * * a woman with a * * * * * * * *' *.
* * *.
*.
* * * is a much * subject, for * * medical and general * it is * * * as well as in * *. * was a question that came to * * * of legislation to prevent the increase * and the physical and mental deterioration of * * in a population * as regards * * * * * into a terrible * reports that the inhabitants of * * * at the age of two months before a * *. The strong * * * preserved and the *. * * of the * * * * *. With great * *, *, * * * * of the *. With the * * * * * diminished, and * * *, * * to the people * * * * * children. The old * were so * of their * * * * * on a * in the *, * * that the * * * * * * * * of their *. In many of the Oriental *, * population is often * excessive and * *, * * of the lower * * destroyed. At one time *, * * in the *, were given the *. * * * females the * *, and the number of the * and dependent * less. In other countries * * * * ability to support * * to sell * *, * * to raise them on condition that * * *.
* Law, and the Influence of * the increase of the * *, * circumstances may for the time *, a general average of * *, in the long *, *. In the history of every * *, such as *, *, *, *, * * * * * the average of *; * * * * * *, * *, which will more than compensate for it. The * * * * * * * * * * * been given * *. In such * * much less frequent; the * are separated from * for long periods; * women are left *; * * in excess of the males; the excitement of the * * desire for sexual intercourse, or, if there is * *, * * * * *; and such * as these, coupled with many *, * produce an * * upon the * * * of the country. The resources * *, so far as * *, become less as the * * is prolonged. * * * * * following example of the influence of the war * * * * * * * * * * * nine months, so as to show the time of conception: * * under normal * the number of * was about
16,000 per *. During the war * * to about * * on the cessation of * * * * * *, while the actual return of the * * * * * *. The maximum * * * *, when it was The war * seems to have * * without any great influence, the * * * * * * * * *, while the * * * * * * * * * * * * * 41
down to * * * the war had a * upon the rate apart from the mere absence of the * shown in the fact that immediately upon the * * * * * *, although it was * before the return of the *.
*, * * on the influence of war on the *, says that in * * * * from 18.2
to while the * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * to 14.9
in * * but in the two years after * * * * * * the highest * * * * the rate * * * * and then * * the highest * * recorded in *.
Influence of * * * * * are always * *, and when we * * * * * * *" * the small * of their large * * have no * * * *, * emigration from * by many * sons and daughters, * * * the superior * that the * *, will not * * but to a certain * increase the population, * * of overcrowding, following the * * *, * a return *.
The effect of * * * * *, * * * *, is not so great a factor as *. * * * * * * * * in the point of * their location is quite *. * * * * * for their *. * * says that from * 12
was the usual * number, and some * as high as * 30.
According to * *, * * before the * *) * * * * * quite common. The * * * * * * * blessed with *, * * is still noted for its *. * * difference in this respect * *, * * about the same *, and the general average of * of the * * * nearly identical * nations. Of course, * must be made as to the * * * *.
Ancient and Modern * is there * difference between ancient and modern times. * * in the * *, *, * * of the * * * * * *, *, and other * *, * to 6
children * * born at once and living to *; * * * * * shown in the * * *, they were * *, of which * * * in the present day. The ancient * * * * * larger than those of *, and were smaller in * * * *, and continued * until the * *.
* * * * * *, *, according to a * *, * * * * * the father who has a dozen children * * * * * states that, stimulated by the * * * or more are not rare, the results of *. * * * *" * * * to the conditions of the law, and one, * * * * * *, * * as his *, * * fact that he was the father of *. * * * * * *, had been presented by *, a woman not yet * years old, * *. * * twice in the space of five years and * * * * time. It is a matter of * what the effect would * such a premium in countries with a * *, * * * *, * the foregoing, * * * * at home like their * * *.
* Explanations of * * explanation of the causation of the remarkable exceptions to the rules * was similar to that advanced by *, * * the greater the quantity of *, the greater the number * at birth. *, *, uses a similar reason to * causation of *, grouping them into two * due to deficiency of *, such as the * * those due to excess, such as the double *, in his work on the "Nature of the Infant," * * * are the result of a single *, and we are * that each * has a *; so that both * * * * * *) were known * *. In this * it is further stated that * may be male or female, or both * or both *; * is formed when the semen * thick and *.
The greatest number of children at a single birth that it is possible for a woman to have has never been *. * * it as his opinion that one * * * no more than * at a single *, * reports of * above this *; *, who is not held to be so *, * * there were * records of as many as at a * the ages in which * distortion of * * * * *, all sorts * accounts of * are found. * *, * *, * * *, who has done some * * * research on this subject, * * * *, * * * * * * *, the wife of *, * * * children on * * * * case of * *, daughter of * *, * * *, * * * * * * *, * to have occurred just before *, * * *, * was at this time * years of age, and at one * * *, *, females, and *. They were all * in two large * * * * * *, the males being * *, * *. During the last century the * were still * in the * * * *, and most of * * * * out to see *, as they were * * * * * *. * * * ascribed to * of a poor woman who, * * in her *, * * * *. * was not only * *, * * by being told that * * * by different * the poor * * * to send the * * * as there were days in the year. There is room for * as to what this case * was. There is * that it was simply a case of hydatidiform * * *, elaborated by an * * * *. * late as there was a woman of a * * who was reported to have been * * *, of which were * two months later.
* * that the proportion of multiple * is not more than per cent of the total number of *. * *, * *, give the following * * of cases of * in which there were or more * *.
*, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * *, * * there were cases of * cases of at a birth.
The most * * * regard to multiple * are those of *, * * * * * to his *, * occur once in *, once in * *, once in * supplied by the * of Health of New * * place the frequency of twin * in these * in every *, while in * * occur once * *, a proportion * twice as *. Of 150,000
twin pregnancies studied by *, * * both children *; in slightly less than * * * *; * * * both sexes * *.
* records of * at a birth are extremely rare and * in proportion. * * * in excess of 6
must be * on with *, and, in fact, in the * of reports are *.
* examples of multiple * of a single * will be taken up under their * *, * examples of * *, together with the *. * * * * * * prominently in history, and, in fact, * * *. * instance of the * * *, and their * *, on which * the fate of * *, * familiar to every one, * strength and * * with the *.
Twins and *, * quite common, will not be considered here, although there are cases of interest of the latter * *. * * instances of *; * * there was placenta and *, *, * * was the same; in the second case, in which the sexes *, there were *, *, * * significance this may have is only a matter of * describes a case of * in which one * * *, the other * lost their * * *. * has recently found that * * * * * in multiparous women between * * years of age. * seems to be a factor, * * predispose to multiple *. * * * * * uterus with * *.
* * * to occur once in about every *. There are * recorded in the Index * * * * *, *. S. A., up to the time *, * including the subsequent cases in the *. At the *, * *, * *, * period of * *, mostly in the last *, * * one case of *. The following * of an * the birth of * is given by *. * * * *.
* was called to see *. *. *. *, * * * *; * her in * and at full *, * * me that * *' * * * *. * * * * * of a * *; * * there were *, * * *. * *. * * * of the second * * * *, which was *, *, and feet * *; * placed in * * * *' * * * *' * * effort by * * * * * * * *' The third * was born at * was the smallest one of the four. * attempting to take * *, to my * * found the feet * *. * *. * * was born; the head of this * * * at the lower *, and it was with a great * difficulty and much * effort that it was *; it was blocked by a mass of placenta and cords. * * * its own placenta; the second and third * *; the fourth * also a *. * * * * the aggregate * * *; * * *; the second *; the third * * *. *. Page is a *, * * old, and has given birth to *, * * * *, * * by her * *. She has been * * three years, and has had children in that time. * * on her each time. Page is an *, small, with *, * * *, * weighs about *. * * *. *, *, *, * * * *. * * * to travel and exhibit themselves in *, *. *, * * *, * on to *, *, * * spend the *.
There is a report from * of the birth of * * at one time. The mother, a woman * *, * *, * *, * * * of the * *, *, *, * seven years, *. * * at the second *, and at full term was delivered of 2
males, *, *, * * * * *; and of *, * * * * * *, *. There was but one * no more * or hemorrhage than at a single *. * * *, * * years old, and was * * *, * * *. The Journal * *, a newspaper of the highest *, stated that * end of *, * * * * * * * * girls, and again, in May, * * * *; the mother and the children, born within a period of *, were doing * at the time of the report. In the * *, * * the wife of a * * * at a birth, * *. * * * * *, * *, * birth to *, by the * * by the vertex, * * * * * *. They were nourished by the help of *. * * * * at a birth, * * each, and all nursing the mother.
* are quite rare, and the Index * of the Surgeon * *, *. S. A., * * *, * a few of which will be given *, together with * * in the *, and from less * * *. In the year there was one case of * * * and another * *, *. In both of * the children were all * and had * * *. * * of a healthy *, *, * birth to *, of which *; * * * at birth * * * *. * discusses the idea that * * meant to * than one * at a birth, * as his * * of the double nipple and *, to which might be * * * occurrence of *.
* *, in a * * in the *, *, a poor * * birth to * * *. In the same * * the birth * *, *, * * * * *, all of whom * * and were *. * * * * instances of * at a birth, and * that in the * * * there was a woman * birth to * * four different *. * * *, * of the birth of * * * *. * males and one * were born *, * to the same placenta; the others * * to a * * * * *. * * * instance of 5
at a birth. * far from *, *, the wife of *, * * in the * * *, * *, and within a year after * * * *, 3
sons and *. There is a similar * reported in
1827 of a woman * * *, having been * * two years before, * brought to bed with *, * * *. * * * * * * * *, they did not seem to have *. The mother was * *, * *. * * *, * * *, * *; during sleep * * * very low.
* * before the * * * fetuses with the *, the product of an * at the *. * * * * * * birth to 5
children; and about the same time * reported the birth * *, *, * *. * * * * of the birth of *, * * *, * * of a * * * * records the birth *, *, * *. * * * * * *; * showed a * *; * * was born by a *, as was the third, * * * by a *. The combined weight * * *, and of the * *, * * * soon after birth. The * * *, * of a woman * * *, * *, * * males and *. Although they were * *, * * * * until the following *. * * *. One of the * had two * * * *. * * * is the * mentioned in this case.
The following * * is given * * * to illustrate the difficulties * * * * * * reported the case of a healthy *, * *, * * high, and of * *, * * * * in the seventh month of pregnancy, * * * *. * * mother had on two * birth to twins. The * * had been * * * and had * * at full term, having no * *. When she * * * * computed that * * * * six months, and had had * * to the unusually large size of her *. * of fixed pain in the left side of the abdomen * * * * * * *. * set in * * * * * * * * hours. After the * the membranes the first child presented by the * * * performed; the child * * * after the birth of the first child * * of more than one * *. * * * * * with each *. * was a transverse one. In this case * * * difficulty in * * *. The child * * of hours. The third * * * * * * *, * had to be ruptured. The child * * * and was delivered *, * * for an hour. * * case the membranes * * to be ruptured, * * *. * was at once *, * * * * with that of the remaining *. * * difficulty and considerable delay in * *, though the extent of * was not at any *. The child * * (recently). The fifth * by the head and was delivered *. * * * an hour. The placenta was delivered * five minutes * birth of the last child, and consisted of two * * a narrow *. One, the smaller, had two * * * * together; the other, and larger, * * * in a similar * and one where it was * * *. The organ appeared to be perfectly *. * * the fourth * * * * that it had to be * * *. The children were all females and of about the same * a total weight of *. The mother * * * * *.
* records of * are, of course, * *. There are few * * *, and but * cases are on record in the United States. * *, a woman * * was delivered * *, *, and only a little smaller than usual in size. The * not quite twenty years old, * * * * * lived long enough to be *, * * * * * *. There was a case a * * * * in 1844.
In *, * a woman was delivered * *, * and, together with the mother, * well. In 1885
there was reported the birth of * * *, *, * only one *. * *, *, * *. * * * * * birth to children, the mother * children all * *. There were * * *, * were all *, well formed, but rather *.
* * * * which is * by the Medical * without giving the authority. * *, * * from the account in the Medical *, * * *: * straining at stool on the one * * day of pregnancy the membranes ruptured and a *, * * having been * before the *. * * delivered by the *. * * * and found * with an enormously distended abdomen, * * * * fetal parts; but no fetal * * * *. The cervix was only slightly dilated, and, as * * *, it was agreed to wait. On the next day * * ruptured and * * * * on the umbilical cord * *, to check * * * * * in the uterine cavity. In this * * * * * * * * * *. Then, in the presence of the three *, * * amniotic sac was delivered with its * * had a normal *, and in the following * birth to *, * twins. The News * * * * * at birth; there were males and * for the there was only one placenta The mother, * the same *, * * years of age, and was * * *.
* * * * * * * the records of multiple * are of the greatest * and in modern * are almost *. There are several * * * * * * statements are generally worthy of *, * *, are of sufficient * at least * a place in this chapter. * * that he * * birth of seven * at one time; and * * *, * * of one *, * * *, * birth to *, of whom * *. * * * * *, *, *, wife of *, * birth to children in one day, and during * * * *. *, in his *, * * * of the King * * * * * * *. * says that in * * of the * * * * birth to eight * * * * and that it was the unusual event of the country.
*. * * * * *, *, * is reported to have given birth to * at one time. They * and living, * quite small. The mother was * * * and then * pounds. She had given * pairs of twins, and, with these * * *, * * children in six years. * * was a * * * and her mother were of twin * and one of * was the mother * pairs of twins. This case * * and was * *, * * * *.
* * * * of the * birth of * at one time. When several months * * * * * * pains and thought them a * of nature. * into a * to answer it, and there, to her *, * birth to *. * * * in a sac, and thought * * * died from * during growth. The mother made a good *.
* * * * * * * birth of * *. * * *, * * *, * * *, * *, * * * *, * * * and the second * *. * * * of this * * *, in which * * * * * down to her knees, and supported by * from the neck. In the *, History, and * * * *, according to *, there is mention of * * * was delivered * *. * *, * * of the * * * * * *, * well known in *. * * * * * * knew of a case in which * were born * * says that the * * * * birth to * * *. * * a case of * * at a birth. According to * *, * * * * * * * *, and who was * * *, was one of thirteen infants at * *. * *, his mother, * by her husband * * *, and during * * * *. * * suspected by the * and thought to be an *, and some of the * * to be the result of *. * * all to be *, but the * * upon the * this time and, moved * *, * * 13.
They grew up and *, * took the name of *, in the old *, *, * * say that *" * * to mean in the * *" or, in full, the interpretation would be *.
Cases in which there is a * of multiple * are quite numerous, and sometimes so often * as to produce a * size of which is almost *. * * * saying that he * the history of a woman who * four times. * case of * * * has been mentioned; * *, who may be * * * from his own *, says that the wife of the * * *, who lived in the * * *, * * * *. Within a year after * * * * * *; in the next year to *; in the third * *; in the fourth year to *, and in * * * *; in this * * * *. * * * * *, * *, was one of the *. This case * * * at the time, as * * * * and very well known. *, * * * *. * * gathered from the * * that the women of * * * * at a birth, and that one * * 30
children in *. * * *, from the history of * * * *, that a woman * *, * * * *, *, now called *, * * * * * * * forty years of age, and that she had had 3
and at a birth. At the * of the * * * * * * * * *, by one of * in the * *, * for about * * of this * was an * * that she * * * *. This remarkable * never had * at a birth, and * gives her as many as * * * a case of a woman, * * * *, who had children in * *. They were all * * * * and were *. As though to * * as to whom should be given the * in this case, * or the mother, the father * upon a *, *, * * * * *, * * * * * * * *. * * * *, *, * * *, * * * * *, * * * * *, developed the * * fact that she had * * * *, * pairs of twins.
According to a * * the wife of a medical * * *, * *, * years of age, was delivered * *. * read a paper before the * * which he * * * * * * to 1875,
and states that of the whole number in cases the * *, and in * * *, and in one case * *.
* * * instance of a *, *. *, * years of age, * * *, *, after the death of her *, * *, * living a month and the other * * * * * *, both of whom *. * * * *, * * * birth to *, as follows: * *; * *; * *; * * *; making a total of * * years, with remarkable * in the *. * * * confined to her * more than *, and the children were all *.
A woman * *, *, * birth to *; after a year, to *, and again, in another year, to * *. In the State *, * *, * *, * *, * * extract from a letter from * * * *, which is as follows: * * *, * * * *, * * * *, * * * * * * * sons and a daughter, * * *, and at this * more and a daughter, *" * * a woman who * birth to * * months in * *. The first *, * * at once, the other in five * * * *, * * * at the time * *. * gives the report of a case of a woman *, * * *, * * birth to * * *. * died after a few weeks, and in *, * * *, * * three and the other * weeks. On *, * * birth to *. The first child, * * *; the second, a female, *; * * *, *. The third * * * *, * * died of cholera * at the sixth * to the *. * gives the history * case of a woman * * * * of her fourth pair *. Her mother was *, but she had * *, * * * * was a *, and the other * *. One of * * * *, * *; * * *, * * *. A second * had a * *, *, *. The other * * * * * * in the eighth month of pregnancy. The name of the * * *, * * was the wife of a * *.
There are recorded the most * accounts of *, in which, by repeated * *, a woman is said to have * * * *. * * * to a * gives the following: * * * *, in the * * *, * * *, *, who was * * *, and has given * * * * *, * *. *. * * *, states that she has had * *.
* * * presented to the * * * * at the age of * *. He had been * *, * * * * * * * children, the * of 21
pregnancies. She had * four times, * *, * * *. By his * * he had * * times, and * *. This man, *, * father of children, and, to * * *, * * * * at the time of presentation. *, * * *, relates the instance of * *, * of the * *, who in at the age * *, was the father of *. He had * *; * * * * * children in *, * * * *, * * * * four times, * * a single *. * * * * children in *. * of the
87 children * *. The author * this case is beyond *, as the * * of St. *, as well * * *, * * * of it. The family * living in *, and are the object of *. The following fact is interesting from the point *, if for nothing else: "The New * * * * * * the following extract from * of a * * *, *, * *, * * * * * * *. The book was written * *, * * * as his * * * the following statements are to be found: At the * * *, * *, * father was *, * * mother was *, * married to her *, who was forty years old. * * she had * * *. * * * years after the *, *, * * * * two years, the * * *. * * *, * *, she had * * * * were all born in *, between the * * year of the * age, and at the time * * was written * * * years old * *. Of the children, by the first * and 52
by the second * *; the other * were still *. There were * in all.
* * by Single * number of children a woman * * * is therefore not to be * * seems to be almost no limit to it, and even when we * cases in which * * at each * the number, there are still * * * * *. The statistics of the St. * * *, * the number of children * * * * as from
25 to * relates the history of a case of a woman * * * * children, and there is another * which a woman * children, all *. * * * * * * *, * when she * *, * * children, all at * *, by one *, * *. The children, daughters and *, * * *. There was a case of a woman * * * * * * birth to children, all at * * in his "History of *" * * * the wife of *. * *, * *, as having died in her * year of * *; * * *. * *, as dying * * child, and, *, * *. * * * * * *, *, * * birth to * * *. *, a writer of great *, in his * *" * * *, * as a * * the wife of a * * * * * * *, all of whom * to be *.
* * * is to be seen at *, *.
* * the body of * *, * *, *, who was * * of his father, * *, * *, * wife, and the father of *. * * * *, * * * *. *, the wife of a *, * * *, *, was delivered * *, * * * *. She had * been confined * * * *.
It would be the task of a * * * * * * * in a man * * long life * * * * * * * prolonged period *. A man by the name of * * *, *, * time of the report had been * *. By his * * he had children and by his * making a total of
53. He was * tall and * to his * *. * already mentioned the two * cases in which * * * * *, and in * *" * there is an account of * * *, *, who had * a few years * at the age * hundred and *. He had been * * and was * * *, of whom * * at the time of *.
On a * * *, *, there is an * saying that * *, * *, * * * * being in memory of his sons and *.
* * * to have had *; *, * * *, and in the * countries the number *. * * said to have had * * * instances of and even * in the * *.
* there have been published accounts of the * experiments of * *, * * * * *, * have been *. * forty years of age and * *, * * * * * of the world, * women of different *; * a number sufficient for * *, * * * * *, * he is * * * * * with his * of females. In * years after the experiment *, the reports * * * father of *.
The following is a report from *, *, * * to the New * * *.
* * of the * * has been the subject of * * * *. A case has come to light in this * is one of the most remarkable on record. * *, * *, lives in the * section of this State. * * years old * * * he can make *, but does * to be over fifty. He has been * *, and by * * has had born to * *. By the first * * *, of whom * girls and * *. * * * he had * girls and *. * * * *. The case is well *.
We also quote the following, * to the * * *.
* it not part of the records of the * * *, we could * * the history of * *, * * * * years ago at the age of *. * * first in * * * * * * * 17
children. The first and second years of their * * * * twins. For four * * * * * * *. In the seventh * * * birth to * and died * *. * * a young woman * after his * * * babies, and three months later * the second *. *. * * her husband with 2
children in the first two years of her * *. * * she had * more to the family, * * * for three years * * * a year. At the time of * of the second * of the * * *. The 20
that were * did not appear to be any * to a young * * * consenting to become the third wife of the * *, * he was known as one of the * * * of men, although it * * * like a * * * * * * * *. The third *. * * * * children in ten years, and the * * of the * * *. One day, in the * of
1885, the father of the children was crossing a * * * * down by a * and instantly *. * * of the children are still *.
* * * * it seems appropriate to * a few examples of * on record, to give * of the * of the extent of *. *. * * * * * * *- * *, * * * * taken to himself * *. * * * * * had been * *, * *, * to be one hundred and * *, and had been * * * * *, * * * * * * in his * hundred and first year.
* * * * * as to the possible number of living * one person may have, * * * *. * * * * * *, * * * *, * * * * * *, * returned to * in his *, * * * * * * *, consisting of 197
persons. He had been * *, and by his * * * * * *; by his * *, * *, * * * *, * *. The youngest of the * years old and the * *. This latter one had * * * * * *. He had *, *, * *, *, all living. * * * * * * and in * *.
* *, *, there is said to be the following *.
* * the body of *. *, wife of *. * *, *. * * * *. *, * * *, *, * *, * *, a total of *, * * * * there is an *, * *, which records the death of the mother * *. * * * * * saying that she was the wonder of her sex and age, * * to see * * from her *.
The following is a * * "Notes and *" * *. * * * * and one of * * * *, *, * *, * *. * * * * * *, * * years of * * * *, * *, *, * *, * * died in the * year of her age, in May, * * of her own *, sons and *, * * had no *, * * youngest was * * *, * * *, in the *, * in the third, and in the fourth, * she could * say the same as the * * of one * * family of *: * *, * and go to *, * * * * * * *.
* * *, * *, * *. * * is the following *: * * the body of * *, * * * * * *, * *, * *, * * *, * *, * *, * * *, * * * *, * descended from her, *, * * *, *, in the third generation, and
9 in the fourth. * lived a most * life and died *, in the * year of her age and * of her *, * *' * * * *' *. *. *.
* * though not finding a place in this work, * * * *. * * * we may note the following: In the * * News, May is a * * * *" * *. * *, the property of *. * * * * * * *, born on * * being a * * *" There is * * account of a cow, the property of *. *. * *, * * birth to *, one of which was * * *, the others being about the size of * *, together with the mother. There was a cow * * * * *.
* * *.
* *.
* * * * from the earliest time, and many of the ancient * * references to them. * * * * *, * * who had the * * of a *; * *, * * * eye; or their * * * *, the men * * * * * * * * grow;" and the *, * * * * * * resemblance to those of a *. * of two or more * or double bodies are found in * * fairy tales of every *. *, *, * * *, * *, *, *, have all * *, although in * * *.
* * that the occasional occurrence of * * was a fact known to the * school, and * by a passage * * * *, in which it * * * * * interfered with when the infant * * * or double. There is also a reference * * (which are by modern * * *) in the * * *, in which * stated that "a woman, * * *, * birth to * at the same time, just as she has * *; * * are in a single *.
* Explanations of * the time of * to the * century many * reports of * * in medical literature, but without a * * *. There has been * improvement in the mode * * * * until the present *, * the Middle Ages the * were more * * * * * before the time of *. * * article on the * records of *, * the following * *: * * * never been the peculiar possession of the lower * * *, and the special * that have * the occurrence of * * have been * * * * * * of the past, the * * * times, and the * * of all ages. *, the literature of the Middle *, and the * of the present * all contain * * * * so closely resemble those of * * as to be indistinguishable from *. *, * as those of *, *, *, * * * *, but with less accuracy of description * * freedom of imagination, * beliefs of ancient * at the present time the most * cases of * *' are widely scattered through *; and it is not very long * * received a * * * member of the * * * * my opinion, * thought it possible for a woman to give * * *. Of course, * do not at all mean to infer that * * * * * * * *, nor do * that on such * the knowledge of the * * * with that of the average medical student of the * * * wish to emphasize is that, in the literature * *, there are indications of an * * defects and malformations of the human body * * * * even the * of the * * * * *.
Many reasons were given for the existence of *, and in the Middle * these were as * as the * * * interpreted as *, and were * * and examples of *, or even * * * *. * * * * invented or * cited as the results of * * * forms of * prevalent in those *. We find * * * of these * results of * * * of the older * *. According to * there was * as the result of * * between a woman * *, * * * in its upper extremities * * * lower extremities were the exact counterpart of * *. This particular case was believed by * * to be a precursor to the * * * * in the time of * * *. *, * many others cite instances of this kind. * * in the year in the * * *, there was found * with the head, *, hands, and feet of a man, and * of the body like that of a *. * * this case * * *. * * * * * * the name of *, who had connection with a female * * *, so that she * * * * with a * that of the father, but with the lower extremities * *. * says that the * to the father was * * * * of the * recognized it, and * * * who had * * *.
In the year * *, a very * * was born, * * * *. It had a head shaped like that of a * * long and * like an * *; the hands * * like the * of a *; and a * with a * *. It was * to be a male, and was * * * * * *. * says that the * of human * * is brought *.
By the natural *.
By the * of nature * *.
By the * virtue of the matrix, which in * and women * *.
*, in his * *" says that * *, * * *, * * of women, had * with an *, which in the process of time * * * * *, * became the * *. * * of the origin of the maiden *, or as * * *, as being from the connection of a man with a * * this in his *, and we know that * * * * *. * * was reported * of a * * mother had been covered by a * * * * and half *. One of the * * * * to have been presented with a * with the * part
of a *, and which could * * * in the *. * had been covered by a *.
* * * * * * birth of a * by a woman. It is quite possible that some * * type of * * * here in * * * *, * *, * *, *, * * * *, and even * *, by her * * statements that she *. Even at * * a day as this the * * * * so great that many * * in her. The * * *, and being detected in her * * *. To show the extent of * * * *, there are no less than * * and books * * * * * * * this case of * *. * * * * * report the * in this country of * * * * * * resemblance to * *. * many of the older cases of the * * *, * * *, could be * among some of our * forms of *. * has shown us the * results of the * man and * * * * of different species, * can only wonder at the simple * and the * of our *. At one * * * *, such as an * * *, were thought to * influence on * *. * * * * * * a great * of the sun, and that * began to bring * * * *.
* * * * *, there might be mentioned * * *, such as *, *, * *, * from time to time have been reported; even at * day there are people who * believe that they * * * * * in the sea. * * * a monster, * *, * * * * portion of a child * * * * six years * the lower part and * of a * *. * * * * in the same *, together with * examples of the power of imagination.
* * such cases as the foregoing, we find the * * * * instances of *, *, *, *, * * of a monster * * * * and two *; * * a double *, * of which * at the same time; * * * * * * food and drink * in its *. * * * says that he knew of a child * * * *, from the * *, was in all parts *.
The first * of a * * classification and * * * regard to the causation of * * * * * in the * *, * * * * crude and some of his * *, yet many * * * * are worthy of *. * the cause of anomalies of excess to an * * semen, and anomalies of * to deficiency of * *. He has collected many instances of * * * *, but has * * * * of some * * * *, such as * in the accompanying *, which shows a * was born shortly after a * * * *, * * * *, crest, and lower extremity of a * and a * and trunk; *, it was an *, and had * eye in the knee. * * * * * found in an egg, said to have been * * * * * * * * * * * * * of a man, with small * * * * * beard and hair. * * * * at this * even a man * * * * * * * * of these last two, or at least * * *. At this time * * * * *, * * * *. * * * * * born in *, *, * *, and with two sets of genitals, * male and the *. * gives a picture of twins, * * * in
1486, which * * * * back to back; one of * had the aspect of a female and the other of a male, * had two sets of genitals.
* * the first half of the * * * might be called the positive period of *. Following the advent of this * * *, *, *, * *. In their works * * * are given * * attacks are made against * * * *. From the beginning of the * of the last * to the present time may be termed * * * *. We can almost with a * * * with the names of *, *, * *, * * * * for by * * *. From the appearance of * * *, * has made *, and is * * on the road to * * * in hand with * it has been the subject of * in this *, and to * * * * * * who have * to bring about * would be a task of many pages. Even in the * * * much has been done, and a glance * * * * * * * *. Essays on * reference to *, have been offered by * * * * * with reference to *. * * have reported * success in * *, and even * branch of the subject * * *.
* are seen in the lower animals and always * *. * gives the history of a sheep with three *, born in 1577;
the central * * larger than the other two, as shown in * *. Many of the * of Natural * * of animal *. * * is a *; * * * * * contains the skeleton * * sheep with two *; there was an account of a * published in * * * found a * in a field * *; * * * * * * *, and there is one in * * *; * * a living * * * * * * * * * and many * * on record.
* * * * * discussion of the causation * * derivation of the *, * with simple history and *, * * facts of interest that may be suggested. For *, the reader is referred to the authors * * * of the standard * * *.
Many classifications of * have been offered, and each * * advantage. The modern reader is referred to * of the grouping of * * * * *, or those of * * *. *, we have * the following classification, * * only those * that have LIVED AFTER BIRTH, * * * * notice or * * * * *, * * * * * * *.
* * of several *. * * of two distinct * by a * *. * * * * * by an * junction of the cranial bones. * * of two distinct * in which one or * * eliminated by the junction. * * * * by a * * of the *. * * * * below the umbilicus into a common lower extremity. * *. * * *. * with a single body and double lower extremities. * * *. * * * *, * *. * *.
* * * * * were of the opinion that no cases of * * worthy of * * *, * * their time this has been the popular * * have ever *. * describes a human * * * * * heads and as many *. * of a * * * after birth * * * * * *. * * of a *, a veritable *. * published an essay on * * * * * * * * * formed of three *, but his * * that it was only the * of two. Probably the * of this * that we have was described by * * * * * had two *, on one of which * * * normal in *. On the other * * *, as seen in the accompanying * * * cases, and * * * a description of a case in * * * also on record some cases of * * * * will be * of later. Instances in the lower * been seen, the * * * *, * *, * *.
* * * * mode of *, probably the most interesting, as it * * longer life in *, is that of a simple * * * * * distinct and different *. * is generally in the * region. In * * a remarkable * * consisted of *, a perfect and an * *, * * * * by a band * * *. * *, described by *. * *, * to be * *; * * * to face, with their * 1/2
inches and their * * *. * * * * *, born at *, *, called the *. * woman who * birth to them * *, * *, immediately after * * * * twins, and * of this * took the conformation of * *.
Perhaps the best known of all * * were the * *. They were * all over the globe and had * benefit and * of a much * * to the * of their *, in which * * * * men of all * * *. * on these * * is simply *. * of material in the Surgeon * * * * * an investigator. * * volume in this * a book * *, *, * * of the *. It will be impossible to speak * * on this subject, but a short history and * * * * will be given: * * * were born in * *, * father was * * * and had * * and there * a woman * father was also a *, for the most part, they were of * *, * accounted for their dark color and * * mother was about * years old at the time of * and had * female children prior to * * *. * * * several times, * * * *. * * * history of special significance of *, * * * that the head of one and the * the other were born at the same time. The * * * at birth, and * * *, * * * was only with difficulty that their lives * *, *, * * *, had a * that such * * * * * to the country. They were * * * *, * * * * *, * * * * * * to the waist. * * the parents and * * to allow them to go * *. They were first * out of the country by a * *. The first * description of them * * * *. *. *, * * them in *, * * *, * At that time * * * 2
inches and * * * in height. * * the characteristics of * * * * * * * * * *, as shown by the *. After an *' * over the * * * * *, arriving at that * * * * * * * * on the same * * * to the * * *, *, * of causing the production of * * * * pregnant women. After their * * * to the United States and * * * * * *, * the name of *. * * of age * * * *, * *, * * years of age, *. * * * them to keep the * at different *, * * weeks in * * *. * * * * * *, * * * *. * * * trip to *, * to consult the most * of Great * * * on the * * *. It was stated that a * * * * * * * them to seek * *" * * * * most likely to replenish * * * * * * *.
A most * characteristic of these * * was the * * * * * for each other * before their death. They * * * * * * with the greatest *, and in this * their lives far more * than a * * * *. They both * * * * * of the * *.
* is a representation of the * * in old age. On each side of them is a *. The original * is in * *, * * *, *.
* * of the * * * * was discussed by many of the leading men of *, * *, *, * *. *. *, *, and many others * *, * reports and * * examination. These * be seen in full in nearly any large medical *. * * they had * * * arteries, and *, * * *, * * * *, * * * *. They were both * * * * * *, * * * * *. The point of * was about the *, a cartilaginous * extending from sternum * *. * * * * band and made the distance * * * from sternum * * *, * * most likely that during the early period of * * * * *. * * * very well the * the joining *.
* * * * * and a * * * from the * * * * *, * * *, *, * *, * * * * * an autopsy on the body, and, if possible, to * * made a long and most interesting report on the results * trip to the *. The arteries, as was *, * to have undergone * *. There was * * through the band, and also * * * *. There was * * of the * * * of the * cavities and the intestines. * * * * * coalescence of the * *, * * tissue and skin.
* * *" * *, shown in * * * similar to the * * * *. They were * *, *, *, and were the result of * pregnancy, the other * * normal. They were *, four years of age, and apparently * * *, except that, from the * cartilage to *, they were * by a band * long and *. The children when * each other * * * * or four * apart, and the * * * * * * sit on either side of the body. Up to the * it was not known whether the * * *. * * of these * was shown at the * * *.
In the * * *, * * *, there was reported a * in the form of two female children, * 34
inches and the other * *, connected by *. They were said to have had * and to *. * seemed to have had * nervous systems, * * * * the other did not * it, and while * the other * *. There must have been * *, * * given to one * *.
*. shows a mode of * * by which each component of a double * may be virtually *.
Operations on * * * of two * * at the * cartilage and the umbilicus, * * * * * thick, and * below the middle * was the umbilical cord, common to both. * * * *, * * * * * days, and then * * * * *. * each made * recovery and *.
In the * * * gives a description of two * * born in * * * * *, * * by means of a * and the * * by an *. * * * * formed by * of the * * and the umbilical * * * tissue and covered with skin. * * * under the * *, *. *. * * * * * * * * * *. * * formed in every * * * by their *. * had been for some time an object of great *, * removed by governmental *, being considered a * *. * *, *, at the * of the * * *, when one of them * sick and died. * * to preserve the other by separating * * * of his *, but he * on the third day * *.
* * * * account of * case of twins who were * * * *. An operation for * * * *, but one of the children, * *, * * days after; the other *. * * at an operation like this was in * * * attempted to separate * * * * * * * *. *, they were * and life * * of when the * *, * * *. * * * * *, * died of peritonitis on the next day.
* * * joined by a fusion of some of the cranial bones are sometimes called *. A very * of this kind is * * * * * were born in * * to be ten years * * normal in every *, except that they were * * *, causing them to stand * to face and * *. When one * *, the other * compelled to *; * * * *, and their * * *. At the death of one an attempt to * * from the * was made, but it was *, * * *; * * * * * * * the meninges. * said that in * * * instance of * * *, * * *. This case was said to have been * in the *: * *, one of whom * * with the * * *, * engaged in an * *, when a * * * *, * * * together with a *. * describes the death of one of the twins and * from the other, who died *, * * infection. There is a possibility that this is merely * of the account of the preceding case with a * as to the time of death.
At a * hospital in St. * there were born * * *, * good health, joined by the *. They were * that the nose of one, * *, * * * * the other; they had * * *, * * * * * *.
* * mobility of their * they could * lie in a * *, * sleeping on the side and the other * *. There is a report * of two * * at their * * their birth. With the exception of this * * well formed and independent in existence. There was * of the cranial *, * * fusion of * * covered by * fascia and skin. * seen a case of * at the occiput, * further details * *.
* * * class to be considered is that in which the individuals are separate and well formed, except that the * * is a common *, * * * in this location. The * * belong in *. According to *, * were born in * * back to back, and * their birth. The same * of a female * who was born with *, *, *, heads, and sets of *, and was * * * * *" * * *" * * *, *, * Their names were * * *, and their parents * * * *. * * to have been * at the hips and the * * * At the death of one it was proposed * *, but the remaining * *, *, * * *, we will also * together," and, after about * of this * *, * *. * * * * of the * and their * * * * * *, at the present * * * * * *, with the instructions that the money * * * in the distribution of * * * * * *, to be given * on each * * * * * *) and also * *, * * proportion, to all the poor in * *. * * * description of these * * * of which shows the *. * gives a very good * * *; and a writer * "Notes and *" * * gives the following * relative to the *.
* * *, * *, * *, *, there is a distribution, according to * *, * * *' * * * *, the cost of which is * * * of some * * *, * * * *. * known as the * * * *' About the year
1100 * * * * * *, who were * after the manner of the * twins, and who lived * *, * dying, and then * followed by * * * hours. They left by their will the * * to and their * * * * * * * * * * * * as they *' * * are simple flour and water, are four * * * * wide, and are much * * * *. * are given *, are distributed at the * * *, and are nearly in number. The * * amounts to * * * pounds of * distribution is made on * belonging to the *, * the Old *. * * used to take place in *, immediately after the service in the *, * * of the * * * used to * * * *. * * used to be filled with * * * * * * * * * * had to use their * * * * * * *. * * of the * * * are of a primitive character, and are made by * cut in * bear the date * * * * * * to have been *, and also * * *, * *.
* * * up about all there is to be said on this * *, and his discussion of the case * * as well as * * is so * * * will be *.
"It may be * that the date * for the birth of the * * is so * as to throw * * * * of the occurrence. The year was, it will *, that in which * * was found * in the *, * the arrow either of a * or an * * *' According to the * *, *' preceded the death of this * * *. * it is recorded * * * * * * from the earth at a certain * * * as many * * * that they had * *. * *, on the * * * *, * * *' Now, it is just possible that the birth of the * may have occurred later, but have been * * * tradition to the year * *. For such a *, in the opinion of the times, be * * * * * * * * * *. *, * * * * must be allowed to stand, * * * * time is not a convincing argument against a * * * occurrence of the phenomenon; for of the * *, who lived in we have * * *, *, in his * * *, published in *, * * * * not, that in the year * * * * phenomenon in all points * * * were born *. The passage is as follows: * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * *, * * * * * * * *, * * *' It is just possible that in * or other this case has been * with the story *; at any rate, the occurrence of such a statement *' work is of more than * *. * * * * * * in connection with the case of * *, the whole * would probably * * *.
"There is, however, * * difficulty in accepting the story * down to * * * nature of the * *. All the records * * * * * * * * at the shoulders and hips, and * on the * and the * on the *' * * mode of union, and represent the * * * in the space between the * *. * * shown with four * and two *, the right and *, * the other * (left and right) are * at the shoulder according to one *, * * above the * according to another. *, although it * * to say that such an * is impossible, * do not * * case of this peculiar mode of *; but it may be * *. *. *. * has suggested, * * * * *, and were in the habit of * * with their * * * * *, and that this gave rise to * that these * * *. If this be so, then * * is removed, for the case * * with the * * rare type of * * as the * *, which is placed by * * of the * * in the group *. * *, which are well known to * *, are the * * * * *, * * * * * *, and the * * * * *. * * * * *, however, have simply been the addition of the * * portrayed the * * *; then it * * that they were * *.
* * * * * together in the region of the * and having * its own *. In the * * * has been * between the * * *, * * * * or (more rarely) *. * point of * was the middle * *, * * it was * * * union; and it is * in the * * it was of the latter *; and it *, from the proposal made to separate the * * * of one, that it was * in nature.
"If it be * that the * * * * *, a study of the histories of other * cases of * serves to demonstrate many common *. * * * * * has collected, in * * *; and if to these we add the * * * * and the *, we have cases, of which * *, several of the * *, of whom * * *, * birth and * for a number *, and thus * * * *. * * * *, * * years old at death; and the * *, * born in are still *. * *, * * * in the statement * * * * * * years. With regard * the truth of the record that the one * * * * * *, there is * evidence from * instances, for * * * *. * *. *, *. * state that in the case seen by * * * * * hours after the death of the other. * impossible to make any statement with regard to the * of the * or to the characters of their *, * there is absolutely no information * * *. It may simply be said, * conclusion, that * * * is interesting not only on account of * * * * out of it, but also because it was * of a very rare * type, occurring at a * period in our * *.
Possibly the most famous example of twins of this type * * * *, * * *, born in * *, *. They were the objects of great *, and were * * *, *, *, *, *, *. At the age of * they were placed in a *, * * * * in their * * * * all over * they were examined by * *, *, * *; * * * * * * their existence * * * of them in his "Natural History," and all the * * for a century or more * * *. * of them can be best given by a * * * of the Latin * composed by a * * * on a * * of them: *.
* * * to behold, who have * grown as one, That * * bodies can divide, * * beneath the * * * * * * *, * * * *, * * * may all the * * * * *. *, * * *, * * * *; * *, * * * * *, * * * *. * * * * * * *, so they tell;
The other parts their numbers *, and serve * * *.
Their parents * * * * *, the world * *,
That this * wonder of the age should not be * * view.
The inner * * * * * from our *, *!
But all the body * * * * in solid *.
They were * back to back in the lumbar region, and had * * * except the anus between the right * * and the left of * and a single *. * * *, * *, the more active, and the *. * at the age of six * *, * * * delicate and depressed. * * * and continued * *, although one * * *. They had a * *, and did all in * * * the circumstances of their * * died of cerebral and pulmonary *, * *, * * good health, soon after * * * * * into a state of *, * * * *, * * * * * *. They had measles and * * * affected in different degree by the *. *, *, * * were not *, in a very interesting paper, discusses the *, * * * in reference to these *, such as the * of separation, * * *, and, finally, * on the last * * * * * in life, * *.
There is an account of two * *, similar in conjunction to the * *" who were born in * * * * at the age of four months by an attempt of a * separate them.
* there was reported to have been born in *, * after the manner of * * *, * back to back, * * * * *. They were said to have been * * * *, * * * * *.
* * an extensive report of *, who had been extensively * * * and the United States. * * * * * * * *, *, * the mother, who had * children before, was a * * *, with a large *. The presentation * by the stomach and * by the *. * * * at the * by a cartilaginous or possibly *. They were * * * * * * * * * as in the United States. *, * * *, * had the * * and the * * * * from the age of thirteen. * * * * * to the * *, * the necessary *. * * *, * *, * carried on * * * * time. They * * * * *, * * * * * at the *. One, in * *, would be * by a * * of the other. Common * * * * * * *. They were intelligent and * * * *, * * * size; they * * * * and accompanied * * *; * *, *, * * with apparent * *. * * * over and * * up by the * *.
A recent example of the * * * * *, born in *, * *, * * * * * * * in the lower part of the lumbar *, * * * * *. They had a * and anal *, but a double * *, * * * septum. The * * distinct in each, * * * *. They were * * * * * * on an * * around the world. * * *, and when she * * * * * * * * *, * * * * * * *. * * * and separate *; * * * * * * *. Many of their * * *, * *, the other *; * * *, * * *, *. * * * were not * * their anatomic *, their mode *, and their * * * in a * * *. is a * of an early photograph of the * *. represents a recent photograph of these *" as they are now called.
The latest * we have of this type of * is that given by * to the * * Society of New *, *, The mother was present with the remarkable * * *, * at the top of their *. These two * * * * * * *. * * that he * to be distinct and separate children, and not dependent on * arterial system; * * * * * * *, * did not * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * instance of *. * * * * *; the head of one was born *, soon followed by the * the rest of the twins. The placenta * single and the * of two branches. The * * * below the * * in such a manner that they could * * each other. They were females, and had two *, * * labia minora, and two labia majora, * *, * * * divided by a *. * * * * *. * * * *, as one might be * while the other *, *.
* * instances of * are quite *, few have attained any age, and, *, * *. * of twins * at the *, who were born in * *, They were *, and named * * *. * * well known in the * * *. * *, and also *, in the year there were born, * * *, * twins, who, from the description * * of the * type. They seldom *, * * of a * *, while the other * * *, * *. * * lived a short time, * a day before the other. * * * *. *, * * * *, * *, *, * birth to a double * * * * * from the description * joined by the *. * * *, * * * by both the mouths; all its actions * in concert; it was * of one set of *; it only lived a short while. Many people in the * to see the * *, * * * *" It is said that at the same * the birth * * * followed by the birth of a * *, * *. * * * * twins who were born in * * * * formed and * at their *. * * *, and the other *. * * took the children to * * *, * of which * * their lives. In the year 1841
there was born in the island of *, of native *, * * that was soon brought to *, where it * two months. It had two heads and seemed to have * all its * except the anus and male * * * of a double * born in * *, on the 24th * *, It had two *, * * * *, * abdominal and pelvic * * * *, * * *, * * on either side. It had only *, which was * between the thighs. One of the * * * and was * *, while the other was a * was named *. * * * and acted * each other; * * * * sucked from the breast * * from the *, and used * * *. * * affecting the other, but the feces * through a common *.
* * * * * * *, who were born in * and examined by *. They were fused together in a * *, * * *, * *, * *, * *. * * weak and * and the other * * * * * that they had but one rectum and one * * * * by the mention of * *. * * of female *, born in *, * * in New * * who were * * * in a * *. Between the * on either * to be seen * * *, and the * been known to * from both sides, beginning and * the same time.
* details a description of the * *" born on * * * *, *, * * * * * at the lower end. The *, of less than two *, was completed before the arrival of the * on their * *, they could * * at the *. Both sets of genitals * * * on the same side of * * *, * * * * with reference * * on either side. * * at birth * * * * *. * mother was a * * and had * * * * * at the age of * father was a finely * * * * * * * * * * and color of the eyes and * * * * for some time, and died * * * *. * *, *, *. * * * several months after birth.
* * * * class, the first record we have is from the * * *, which contains a description of * born in the * of the * *, * * *, * * with four * *, but a single *. * *, *, * * *. * * might be * while the other *, * * while the other * *. At times * * * came to *. * * is said to * two years, one part * four days before the other, * symptoms of * * * * *.
* * * says that in * * * *, * there was seen a female *, consisting of two * about the umbilicus and fused into a single *. * * * * by two * * * * * * *. At one time, one of the women *, * *, while the other *, *, and kept * *. The account * how one of them died, and * * * * * about for three years before * overcome by the * * * of the *. * the birth of a boy * who had two *, *, * *, but only two * and two *. * * length of the * * *" who were * of the eyes of the Court * * * * *. * consisted of two men, * in appearance in * *, * * * into a single *. The King * * care of their *, * * * * *, languages, and other *. Between them they would * * *, * merging into * *, * *. Above the point of * they had no *, * *, * was common to both. * * * *, * * * *, * *, One of the * * * days before *, and the *, * * about his * * to "infection * *" There was reported * * born in * a double * * *, * at the age of *, * * of a * * *, the two * * at the umbilicus into a single *. These two * * one another in contour *. They were so * that at rest * * * *. They had a single *, with whom they were * * lived in *. In the * * * * and fifty years since there was given the * * of a double woman, who was * all over * * * *. * can be * * * *, with the exception that it was stated that * * *, * *, * *, * *, * *, * set of * *.
The most * * of this type * *, who was born in *, * *, * * * the result of the ninth * of their *, * * *. * * * * *, * * in a common * at a point a little below the * this point they had a common trunk and single *. The right *, * *, * * and of * * * *; the left, *, * * of a * * * *. * * at different * * in the upper extremities * *. * urine and * simultaneously, and had the * common. Their parents, who were very poor, * * * for the purpose of public *, which at first * *, * * * by the *, * * that it would open a * * * * *. * failure of the parents * * * * * * * * * * the children * * exposure in a * *. * system of the * * * in common except in * * *, the anus, and the sexual organs, and * * good health * * * *; * * *, *, who was * at the * *, * * * * with a *. At the postmortem, * * with some * * account of the * * * to be *, the pericardium * *, * * *. The digestive * * * * as far as the lower third of the *, * * * on the left side and single, in common with the *. * * * * and the uterus * *. * *, which were * * *, * * by a * * *. There was * between the * of each. * * * * * * * * which, by his description, must * very similar to *.
* * * were born in in the * * *, *. * * had a * *, * arms, and * * to the sixth *; they had a common *, * *, * *, * *, * * *, *, * * *, the central one containing * *. The right boy was * * the left *. * * * * * * * on his side, but not over the other * * * *. All their * * * * individual and independent. At the * the report, * they were * good health and * * * * * *. * * * as they were * several years ago * *.
* * * female children in * * * * *. * formed a right angle with their *, * * at the lower part of the thorax * * had a single * * and the external * * of a female. A little over * * from the * * * limb with a * *; * * * in length and * to a fine *, * with a distinct *, and it * * *. *, the left *, * of fair * * * * * *. * * * * * were not * at the same time, and one might * while the other * *. * * * * * were not *. They were * of the second * of a * * * * * of such * * * * * * * to appear in public. The order of birth * *: * head and body, the lower extremity, and * body and head.
* * are many instances of * * on record. * * and gives * illustration of a * * * *, with the exception of * heads and two *. * *, *, *, * * *, and there is an old account of * *, each of * * * *, * * and the other *. * * of a * and the * * *, and both * * *; * * * * of days. There is another * record of * * who had two *, * was in all other *, with the exception that after * * was found to * * *. * * * * * * * * *, one of which was * and the other *; * * what is apparently the same * * * * with two *, one of which was *, * * door to *, and who * * of the influence * * was given * * to leave the country.
A more common occurrence of this type is that in which there is fusion of the two *. * * of a monster * * was shown * * * *. * * * *; * * * and two *; in each face an eye * * * above the nose; there was a third eye in the middle of * common to both *; the third * * * * and had two *. * * * well formed and * * *. * * * *, the exact * * *. * * of a * sent to * * * * * * * *. * * * * with a * *, * * *, *, *, * brain of its own. The eyelids * *, and as there * * cavity the eyes * out in the form of * * * *. * *, * * of both * *, but then * * from exposure. The brain * * * * * * * without, and * by a membrane beginning to slough. On the right side * * was a * external ear. * * said that * * * * * * through the *. The great * interest in this case lies in * that every movement and every act of the natural * * * by the * * in a * manner, i.e., when the natural * *, * * *; when the natural * *, *, *, the second * * *; and the eyes of the * * * *. The fate of the child is not known.
* * of a child born in * with a most * fusion of the head. The ordinary * was nearly perfect and of *, * fused with its * * * * * *. * * * its own * * *, and each an individual *, but if one had * the other had an abundance of saliva in its *. * * * * to death at birth, as the * * by the * *, * it into * to destroy it, from * it was *, * *, * * conformation of the accessory * * due to the *. At the age of four it was * * * * and, as a result, *. * * is in * of the * * * * * *.
The following * story of * *, * taken from * *, is of sufficient * * interest to * *.
"One of the * as well as most * stories of human * is that of * *, said to have been * * of the * * * *. * * * *, however, and * * in his * * lived in complete *, * * * * * * of his own *. He was a young man * *, a profound *, and a * of rare * * * remarkable for its grace, and his * * *, * * * that of an *. * upon the * * * * * face, that of a * *, * * *, * as a *' The female * was a mere * only a small portion of the posterior part of *, * * * sign of *, of a *, *' It would be seen to * * * * * *. The eyes would follow the * * *, and the lips * * * *' * * *, * * * that he was kept from his * * by the * * of his * *' * * *, * * *, * * to me * of such * * * speak of in *. * * * * * * it sets * *. For some * of my * * * * to this * * * * *. * * * * you to * * out of *, even if * die for *' * were the words of * * * * * *, * *. * of careful * * managed to procure *, * *, leaving a letter * that the * *' * * * * *, * it continues * * in my *' * his own * he was * * * *, * * * * to mark * *.
A most * case was that of a * woman who was delivered * * of a * * of apparently * *. * *, which was born *, * * * * the other * the change of color * at the neck * * head. The * * * * * * * developed, and the * skin was found to be due to * of pigment similar to that found in the black *. * of the * had a light brown *, like an * man, and it was * that there were * * * * during the * *; but no * as to her * with them could be * whether this was a case of maternal * * can only be a matter of *.
* *, such as *, *, *, *, and the *, *, *, * full of interest, will not * *, * * * * * for any length of * * * intention of this chapter is to include * * who have lived.
* * * class includes the * *, * that consist of one * *, * * *, but from the * * * * * * portion of a second *. *, *, * * adults with * * * *. * * *, of which were observed by * * * under the name of * *" * * of a case in which * and lower extremities of one * * out of * of the other, which was * *. * * * a living * *, the inferior * * * * from the * region of the other.
* says that there was a man * * * * forty years of age, * * about a parasite without a head, * * from his *. * * * * * * *. * * * *, * *, one of the most familiar in all *. * * * * of a man who had a * * * * *, and who was born in * the same * * was made with the * * * *. * * * * and both * * * * * details a history of an individual * * *, born in * * * * all over *. From his * * * * * that had * *, *, *, * * * * covered with hair, which in the * * *. There were signs of independent * the parasite, * of respiration, *, but its * *, and, although * * * * * *, * * * *. The genitals * and the arms * * * * *. * * * * *, and has given the *, * while in * * he was * * * * * * and the father of * who were * * * *. * * * of an infant similar in * to the *, who was born in * * * * * * * by means of a * * before the * * * * * of a * * * who died at the * * * * * * height and of fair *, * * * * from the left * was the inferior * * * * * *. * * * *, * * * * that it was said to * by the hands or by a *. Urine and * * at intervals from the parasite, and received * * * * for this purpose. * in the * common, an * applied to the parasite * * * *. * * an interesting report of the * * *, * * that he had * * * * * who had a small * * * under the * the third * *. * was common, * * * * * * causing the child with the perfect * *. Each of the two * * *, * * * * the other *. * * * arose in the * * *, as to whether the * * * * to the * fetus as well as to the child.
* during the * of the * * * * *, * * in that * * * *, * *, * * that, like the * * * *, he had * * of a male * growing from his *. * * * have also observed * * * * before the * * * *, *, * *, * years of age, who had an * attached to the surface of his * * *.
* describes a * * five years old, *, by an extraordinary * of nature, was an * * *. From the body of an otherwise * * * * * * protruding from a broad base * * * * and sacral region. This * * * with hair about four or * * long, and * * of an eye, *, mouth, and *. * * * * * * * *. * * * * by the * of Medicine * * to examine * on a * * of seven *, living in *. * * * and well developed, and from the middle * * * between the * cartilage and the * by a soft *, was an accessory *, of ovoid *, the smaller *, * *, * *. The parasite * a little over * *, * about the head, and * * *. The cranial bones * * *, and the top of * * covered by a * of hair. There were * *; the left eye * represented by a minute * with hair; the right eye * * by one end of * * * * down to another * * the mouth; the right third of this latter * a primitive tongue and a triangular *, * * the fifth month. There was a soft, * nose, and * of the vertebral column could be distinguished * *; there were no *; * no vascular * * * *, as the parasite could be * * the perfect * notice. The mouth * * * * *, * * no indication * *. * * *, known as * * * * *" was born in and had attached to her * * * pelvis and * legs of a parasite, * *. * * effected by means of a pedicle cm. in diameter, having * basis, and being * without a joint. * * * the vulva and the * * * *. At the insertion of the parasite * * *, * larger than the other. * * * seen on * and it * * * *, the joints of * * *. * * * * * * * except those of the feet. She had been * *, * *, in the space of three years, two *.
* * there was * in the * of the United States an individual * the name *" who was born *, *, and was the second of four *. At the time * he was about * years of age. The upper * a parasite was firmly attached to the lower right side of * of the individual by a * *, and lower * * *, and apparently * *. The anus * * * *; * * * * * * *; there was a * growth of hair * *. The penis of the parasite * said to show * * at times, and urine passed through it without * of the boy. * * elevation of * to occur * in both. To * to the * of the curious, * * *" * at one * * the parasite in female *, calling the * * *; but there is no doubt that all the * * were of the male *. An analogous case was that of * *, who was * * * early in the century, * * and his * * models are seen in our * represents an *, a peculiar * *, in which the parasite is * to the * bone of the *.
* * * *" * is more * than that of duplication of the lower extremities. * says that on *, there was living in * a male * * * * * *. * *, at the * * *, * there was presented by * *, * * * * child with four legs, the anus * * * middle of the third *; and the scrotum between the * *, * * not yet *. There was * and single pelvis, and the * * *. * * * * *, * the figure of one born in *; * * * * *. * * of a male child with one * *, * legs, and double * *. * * * of the child when it was a little over a year * published in * * a description of a * *, * instead of having a duplication of the *, as in *, * * *" * * below the second * *. * head and * * * *, * * * *.
* * * *. *, * *, * * * *. The duplication in this case * just above the waist, * * * at the third * *, * * * * *. * * * * different times, * * * *. * * * *, * * * a year later on * side, but * * * at the fourth * * of persistent nausea and the expectation of *. *, * * of this case, * *. *. * * * * *; * * * that when * * that she * * on the left side * * think you are *; if it had been on my right side * * * * * * * * found, from the * observation, that * * * almost invariably used for *. * * *, describes a woman * *, a native * * father was * and mother * *, who had a * of the lower *. There was a third * * * continuation of the * * of the *, * * to well developed * * *, * * * * * * above the *. * * * and two * *, * * * *. * * * * * * * * * in both *. A somewhat *, possibly the same, is that of * *, born in 1860.
She had a very * *, * * * *, * * * attached to the *, without a * * * * *. There was a * *, bladder, and *. At the junction of the * with the body, in front, * * * *, each containing a *.
Other instances of * * will be found in * *.
* * instances of * *, by their * interest to the natural * of the curious *, * * * discussion. To many of these cases have * * *, * the fact * * almost invariably shows that the * * * * proportion to the extent of * * a description of a monster, * * * two distinct *, but with only one * * * *. * * * the function of either *.
*, *, *, *, * * * instances of * *; the latter case a was in a * * *, * years old, * applied to the * * * *, and who * that he * * the orifice of the left * and also said that he * of true *. * * * instance in a * *, in which the two * * *. * of a man with two * * * * *. * * * case described of a man * * with a * was for more than half its length divided into two *, the right * somewhat larger than the left. From * of the penis up to the * only the lower * * * * *. * describes a * *, * of a woman * * who had been * *. * first child was a * female, and the * * in question, * * during the night, and * * * matter. In * of one * * *, situated near each other, the right one of natural * * * *, but not * with a *. * * * * *, from which * urine and some * was a duplication of each *, but only one * *, and several other minor *.
*, reported by *, * * an infant * * * * months with two * and three lower extremities. * * *. apart and the scrotum *, * * in each *. * * was provided with a * * * from both *. In a *, * * * *, the two organs * separate, but urine and * * * * * from both.
The most * of all the * * * * * * *, * * * six months * * * * * * father and mother * * and had two *. He was easily born after an uneventful pregnancy. * *, * *, and had two *, * as large as that of a child of six * * * from both *; he had * *. * and between the legs there was * * * *, * throughout their *. It was * * * by a short * * long and as large as * *, consisting of * bones and *. * * * in the * * on the anal *, * * * *. * * * had no power of * * endowed with *. A journal * *, * * *, said that the child * * * *, and that the surgeons * *, to whom we are * for an * * *, received a report from * * *, * a description of * * *- two years of age, * that he was * * * * *, * of a female * * sufficient to * *. * * to use * *, * * with one * the other; but this account of * does not agree with *, in which no * * * * *. * describes the adult * in full, * * * with an *. At this time he was * * * * *, and possibly a double * by an * *. * * the anus * * * to the os *. In the * * * * * * * on the front of * surface of the lower third of his * *. He was in * * * * * in a *, * * * * * *, to prevent * * * * *. * * * *, the entire space between the anus * * edge of the scrotum * occupied by the *' * and physical * were developed *, and he * * with his * * * instance in which * was similar to that of *. There was a * * consisting of two * * into one * * * * * * *. * calls the case * * * *.
* * * * describe a case in a man * *, of good, * appearance. The two distinct * of normal * * well formed and were * * * *, * at its * to the *. * covering of skin * as far as the base of the glans; at this point * * and perfect, but the * of the left * * * * * normal, and through * most of the *, though some * * through an opening * * at a point where the root of the scrotum * *. * lifting the * * * * * * and was of sufficient size to * the finger. On the * of the * was an elongated and rounded * * * to a * *. * * * * normal in shape and *, * *, and surrounded, as was evident from its *, * * *. The left * * on the tendon * * * in the left *; it was not fully * the patient had * *, *, * * * * * simultaneously, the right *. The left * * * than the right * smaller; the * were of normal *.
* * of a man * * who had a * *, * with a * and capable of *. * * of the glans * a canal * cm. long, * * * a serous fluid. * * a man who had * and two *, on one of which * *. According to *, *, * * * *, * a child * * * * * *. who had two *, * * * * * * * * which were inserted in * of the groin. There were * * felt in the * and one in the left. * * * * * *. There is also another case * * the foregoing in a man * *; but here there was an * in the middle * behind the bladder. * * * * * * in both *, and that * * * because of his * * * *. * of a child with two * * *, one to * and the other to the right of the median line, and about 1/4
or * * at birth. The urethra * * * region and sent * branch to each penis, and urine * * *. The scrotum was divided into three * * *, and each * * * *. * at birth * *, but the child * * on, and at its * * * *.
* says that an infant * brought to * for relief of anal * * * * *. It was found to possess *, * * each to its * half of * * defined by a median *. The scrotum was divided * * by two *, and each * * a fully * *. * * * because of * *, which we notice is a frequent * * * * of the penis. There is an example * * described in which there were * *, * * * long, and a * scrotal sac * *. * of a * * * * * a double * * * *.
* and his * * * * * * provided with two more or less * * * * * *, who may show also other * the adjoining parts and organs (e.g., * *, * are not * of more than two * *. * *, therefore, the cases in which in addition * * * there is a * * * *, for example, as that of * * * *, * described by *. It also * * * * *, and, of course, the cases of * the female genital * * *, vulva, vagina, *. * *, *, *, *, * * * lists of * *, even in * references are common, and there is evidence to * many cases have been duplicated under different * * * * * all the older * available and eliminated duplications of reports * to their original *, have collected * * cases; they offer the *.
*, or duplication of the penis in an otherwise * single individual, is a very rare *, * * * having been found in a fairly * * * literature. As a distinct * type it has only * * * * *.
It does not of * interfere with intrauterine or * life; but the associated anomalies *, *) may be sources of *. If not * at birth, it is * * * adult life, and even then the * * *.
With regard to the functions of the pelvic *, * may be passed by both *, by one *, or by *. * * instance it finds * by an * in the *. * reason to believe that * may be passed in the same * in most of the * cases there has been *, * inability to perform the * *.
All the degrees of * have been * with, from a * of the glans penis to the presence of two * * at some distance from each other in the *.
The two * are usually somewhat * as regards *, *, *; they may * * * *, or more * * * *; they may be equal in size, * * one is distinctly larger than the other; and one * may be * * *.
The scrotum may be normal or split; the *, * * in number, may be normal or *, * *; the prostate may be normal or * * may also the vasa * * * *.
The commonly associated defects are: More or less * * *, * *, or more rarely * *, *, * * of the bony pelvis with defect of * *, and possibly duplication of the lower end of *, * * of some of the abdominal contents into * *. Much more rarely, duplication of the *, stomach, and kidneys has been noted, and the lower * * * than normal.
* * of fetus * *, * * instances in which one might * say that a man may be * * * * *, or in which an infant may carry * * the fact * *, * * be discussed. * * * cited as being only a * of the * * * was born * *. * represents an * showing the birth of *. *, * *, *, *, * * speak of instances of fetus *. * describes a tumor contained in the abdomen of a * * composed of hair, * teeth, and other * * *. * reported to the * * * * * a child which was born with a tumor near the anus * * * body of the child; this tumor * rudiments of *. * * of a * * * * * * of the transverse *, * * * * of a * in a cyst communicating with the * * an example in a boy of thirteen, in whom * * *. *, * * *, * * of a * with a great pain in the right * from which * * * bones and a mass * *. His mother had had * * * from the length of the * * one of the * to be of two *' and the other of three * life. The * * five years after the * * *.
* * of a case in which * * * taken from the abdomen of a * of two * * *. * a child of two years and nine months, * * * with ascites, who died * hours after the *. In its * was found a * * * * * connected to the child by a * * * *. * * * * for about nine months, * * * * * * *, * * * * * * *.
* says that he * "a boy who was * and without * * *, for the fetus was contained in a * with the abdomen and was connected to the side * * by a short umbilical cord; * did the fetus * * until the boy was * * ten years old, * * enlargement of pregnancy and subsequent * * *" The fetus, removed after death, on the whole * * *, * of the size of about six or seven *. * * * account of a child that had a * * * in its face and scalp. There was * by the name of * * from the earliest * had a * one of his * *; * * * larger than the rest * to have a tumor under *. * died of * * * * * there was found in a * * * * colon and communicating with it all the * * *.
At the * * * * * *, * * * * * students and many physicians * saying that * to find a * * in a scrotal tumor * * * * *. His diagnosis proved correct, * * * *, and all * as to his * * a fetal tumor. It appears that he had * * a report by * of an operation on the scrotum of a * * increased in size as the child *, and was found * the ribs, the vertebral column, the lower extremities * as the knees, and the two orbits of a fetus; and also * of a similar operation performed by * * * * * * of seven. The left * in this case was * that it * * to the knee, and the fetal * * * *.
* * * instance of congenital * in the umbilicus of a * * *, * * after the * * *. * described to the members of the * * * the case of a woman * *, * * * after a * *' pregnancy. One * * and only * long, and the other * * * * a case of *. * * * of the second *, *, * * *, * * the medulla oblongata, and in the cranial cavity with it * * *, neither of which was * *.
* * of a fetal * * passed in the urine of a man * *- one; the cyst * remnants of hair, *, *. * * * a remarkable case of * gestation, the subject being a * of six, * * the discharge of the fetal * from the abdomen. * of a child * *, * about and * *, * * * increased in size * *. * * * there was a large * * * * side; the abdomen * opened and the mass *; * found to contain a fetal * * * * * in addition * pounds of fluid were removed. The child * * *. * * * * that was found in * *. * * the successful * * remains of a * from the rectum of a child of six. * a successful excision of a congenital *.
* * is full of examples, and nearly every one of the foregoing * could be * from other * * * * reporting that in *, * in the * * * *, under the head of *" * * *, accompanied by *, * * * * * * a great * * * * * *" One of these * * * at the back of a man opened and containing a * * * * *, after reviewing * * * * * that came * his observation in * * what the case * had been so * by the lay * * was: An Indian *, *, * a tumor in the sacrococcygeal * cm. in * at the base, having a * * cm. and a transverse diameter of *. It had * and was *, * * *. At birth * was about the size of a * *. A diagnosis * * was made and two * were performed on *, death following the second. The skeleton * *; the rectum and pelvic * * natural, and * of the cyst * the diagnosis.
Quite similar to the cases of fetus * * are the instances of dermoid cysts. For many years they have been a mystery *, and their origin * is little more *. At one time the fact of finding such a * * ovary of an * * * * evidence that * *; but this idea was * as soon as * reported in children, and * we have a * * congenital and * *. * of the ovary may consist only of a wall of * lined with epidermis and * * * which, however, may be * up in firm masses of a * * * *; * * is called by * *; *, according to *, a form of cyst * * * containing small and * *, * * * follicles and sebaceous glands. Even the * * * * * * are often found. The hair * * * * up into * * or is still attached to *. A large mass of sebaceous material is also found in *. * * a case of dermoid cyst of the * *, * * * *. It was a *, and it was * * and not expelled from * * through the urinary *, as sometimes occurs.
The simpler forms of the ordinary dermoid cysts * bone and teeth. The complicated teratoma of this class may contain, * to the previously mentioned *, * *, mucous and serous *, *, nerves, and *, portions of *, * * *, *, * represents a cyst containing * * * * * from a * * * * years who had * to six *. * * the history of * in whom both ovaries * * involved by * had given birth to children and had * *, * * before the removal of *. The accompanying *, taken from * * dermoid cyst of the complicated * * * * the contents in situ. * * * * * of ovarian cyst removed from a * of six and a half * * * * From this age on to adult life * cases are recorded. Nearly every medical * * * * dermoid cysts, and almost all * * * with their *. The curious * * and the bizarre shapes are of great variety. * * dermoid cyst containing the left side of a human * *, a molar *, and various *. Dermoid cysts are * in regions of the body * * from the ovary. * * *" are true inclusion of the skin of * origin, as are the nasal * and some of * of the neck.
* reported the case of a man * * years who was born with * * * * * * spina bifida in the lower *. According to *, the swelling * * * * * until it *, when it * * *, * a large quantity of offensive *, * sebaceous material, * * it to have been a * * * * *, and there were found * of sweat glands, from which drops of * when the patient was *.
Dermoid cysts of the thorax are rare. * reported a case in which a dermoid cyst of small size * * over the * the junction of the * with the *, * * cyst in the neck near the left * of the * * * * * from the sternum of a female *, the cyst containing * * *. In the * of St. * Hospital in * is a congenital tumor which was removed from the * of a woman * * one, and contained * *, *, sebaceous material, and two pieces of bone * * * *, and in which * * * * are found in the palate and pharynx, and open * the conjunctiva are classified by * with the * * *, * * * * tumors of *. * * * a tumor of this * * * * *. * * * an enormous * * the mouth of a *. * * * * *. * of the rectum are *. * * * of a case of labor during which a rectal * *. * * * a cerebral *, * *, * * and a molar *, and a piece of bone. * * doubt that many cases of fetus * * * * * of the scrotum.
* * the successful removal of a dermoid cyst * * from a woman * *, the mother of two * * * *, *. The report is * *: "The patient has * been in good health * * last year, during which time she has lost * * * rapidly, and when brought to my * by her *. * * *, *, * * *, * * * about the house. A tumor had been growing for a number *, but its growth was * * that the patient had * * * * * * recently. The * * to be cystoma of the left *. * * * with the * we were confronted by complications * for, and its use had to be abandoned * * * contents of the cyst would not * freely, and * of sebaceous * * * *. As much * * as possible * removed, and the abdominal * * to allow of the removal of the large tumor. An * the size of a large * * removed from the *. * * the intestines * as one would * * some of the contents of the cyst * * * * cavity. The abdomen * * * *, * * placed in bed * * the least * * * rapid and *. * returned to her * * weeks after the *.
* * feature in this case was the nature of the contents of the *. There was a large quantity of long * * from the cyst wall and an * amount of loose * * * * through the *- *, a portion * * * for what were called *' * * * * *. * *, * *, * the size of *, * * and sold *, to that of small *. * seemed to be * * matter, and were * formed around the * by the motion of the fluid produced by * * * * * * * * * attached to the * of the *.
There are several cases of multiple dermoid cysts on record, and they may occur all over the body. * * a case * there were and in * case there were 132.
According to *, * * * * * had a case. In * * *, reported by *, * most of *, as usual, * * * and therefore * of normal skin, those over the mastoid * * * *, and were generally thought to * until they were excised, and * * * * dermoid cysts with the usual contents of * and hair.
* * claim that * was the first * and support this * * *. We find * of the ancient * traces of an * * * * * of the * was considered to be both male *. * * we learn that * was the * *, * Mercury, and * *, and had the * of a father and mother. * * of the * *, * * * * * * * *, * * * *" * * * * * * *, and the knowledge of * * prevalent in the * times. The * the birth of * * *, * * * them into the sea, * *, into the * * of an * * * to death in *, * * *. *, *, *, * * * * this subject. * * * * * among the *. * * * * * females in * with prolonged * * * * * *. Throughout the Middle * * * *, * *, * *. *, *, *, *, *, *, * *, *, *, *, and many others * *. * have been given, *, *, * * *, *, * *; * * * and bilateral, *. * anomaly in most cases * a malformation of the external genitalia. * *, * *, * of figure, * * have been accountable for many * * *. On the other hand, a cleft *, * *, * hypospadias or *, * * *, * * * have also * * * *. Some cases have been proved by * have been true hermaphrodites, portions or even * of both sexes having been found.
* *, * *, * * *, are given of these * *. They have been * * performed the functions of both father and * the statements of some of the best * they are always *. * has shown that * * * in proportion to the * * genitalia, and * many of these persons are *.
* * descriptions of a few of the most famous * * instances of *. * * of a woman who, * vulva, from which * *, had a *, * * or signs of *. * * to several * * * * have been the cause of the * commenting on this form of * * a necessary operation for the removal of the clitoris.
* relates the history of an * woman who was * * * * *. The poor * * to cut off * *, an enlarged *, * * was an * * to her in *. * * * * * cases. There is an old record of * *, * * to be a male, who took *, * * * * connection with a man, * of which was *, * shortly after * of a daughter. There is an account of a person * *, for the first * years of life, * * *, and being of loose * became a *. At a * * began to * a change in her * *; * * became the father of a family. This is * * of the facts of the case of * * *, born in and who was considered a female * * * *. At puberty she had the * of a woman, * with a male * for twenty years. * * * formed and * * * *. At the age * * * * *, * * * * * man, with such * * that she * * * *. * * of a * * * * *, * *, * * * * *, who was * by the police * * * * *. * *, * * * organs of generation were found. The labia majora * and flattened on the anterior surface. The labia * * were absent. The vagina * * and the * * * *. * stated that several years * * birth to a normal *. In place of a * * * * which, in *, * * long and * * *. The glans penis and the urethra * formed. The scrotum * * *, * * * long; the * * * * * *, * *. * * * * * * * genitalia, and * * * * * with either. * * from the penis, and * * she had * *, * * * *.
* * * *, * years of age, * in height. * * * well developed, * * and surrounded by a brown *, from which * *. * * * *, * * large, and * like those of a woman. Projecting from the vulva * * * like a * cm. long and slightly * *; it was * and had a * *. She had * with two * * as shown by the *. * * * and had an opening * * of the clitoris. The parotid * * signs of a * she had * on her upper lip. * * * * into the *, * treatment for chronic * * * * * *, and he pursued * * * *, * * that in early life he had been * * *. He had * * * and had been * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * of a male. At this * * the venerable appearance of a * * * the autopsy, about two months later, all the * * * * *. * Fallopian tube, *, *, * * were found, and a * * * * * was made. There is no doubt but that this * * * * *.
* * of a person who was * to be * * *. At the age of * * * * * * * * was delayed for some reason, and three years * * * * * * * in her looks and * was only after * discussion, in which the court *, that it was * * that this person was a male.
* *, who was * as a female, and as such * the last ten years of her life in *, was found on * * * to be a man. A man * * of in both * * * * * for many years as a female. He had * scrotum and *, * caused the * with another * for three years, * * * * with her during this period, and * *. It was * in this case that the * of the vagina * the deficiency of the lower * the urethra, forming a complete * for the semen * *. Long ago * * * * * * * * * alive for * * * * in the guise * habit of a woman. He had * * a woman. We have heard of a recent * * * pregnancy and * in a * who had been * * * who on * proved to be a *.
* * of an individual * * * who was in the highest * *, * * *, * * *, The female genitalia * normal except the *, which were * *. The thighs and the * not so * as those of a woman. There was * * * *, but it was * *. the male * were of the * appearance of a male * and were covered with the *. * * had been * * * * * * and fifth month. * * the penis * *, *.
* describes a case in which, independent of the true penis and *, which were well formed, * * * * * * * * *, communicating with * * provided with * ligaments and * *. * * that in this case we * that the female genitalia * * *, * * * * is a physical * * alterations of the natural connections of the * other parts of the pelvis. * describes a woman with * development of the clitoris, an imperforate *, * of vagina; at first sight of the parts * * * those of a man.
* * succeeded in * * vagina to a young * * * who had an * clitoris and no signs of *. The accompanying * show the * * * * * with all the appearance * * genitalia, and the appearance * * of the vaginal *.
* * * * * * * * cases of duplication of the genitalia, and * * * * from an anatomic standpoint. There is a * *. * Hospital in * from a man * * died of cerebral hemorrhage. He was well formed and had * and a * *. He was *, and it was * * * had two children. The bladder and the * of generation * those of a man in whom * * * into the scrotum, and in whom the uterus * * were developed to an unusual *. * * as large as in the adult female, * between the * rectum, and was * between two layers of peritoneum, *, on either side of the uterus, * attached the * * also shown in * the pelvic organs from a case * * * * occurring in a child * * who died from the effects of an operation for the * of a right inguinal hernia. The external * * * a male with undescended *. The bladder * normal and * * surrounded by a prostate gland. * * * *, uterus, and broad *, * *, * *, with the testes in the position of the * were no seminal vesicles. The child * * * * *. The family history states that the mother had had
14 children and * *. * of the children * * * * *. The fifth and sixth * * and had the same * *.
*, *, *, * * * cases of * * due to elongation of the clitoris. * * a the clitoris * * long, and there * of the * * on both sides, * * * * on one side and the inguinal canal on the * had been diagnosed as testicles and again as *. * * cystic ovarian *. * is taken from * * * * * *. * * cases of * * in one * * * * of a family of * individuals in * * was observed. The first * * and had *; the second * * a female but * * *; the third, fourth, and fifth * normal but * * * * * * * *, *, and had * * *; the seventh, * * * * *; the eighth * * a female, * * * * by the * to be a male; * * * a female, but at * the genitals * to be those of a male, though the * * *.
* * of a case in which the clitoris * * * long and one * *, having a * in its * * down to an * * in the *. * * * * * thought to be testicles, and * * was that of *. * * * of female genitalia was found, although the ovaries * *. The right * * * * thick and * to the bottom of the false *, where it was *. The hard * proved to be on one side * * *, * congenital, and on the other * * having no glandular structure. The patient was an adult. * have seen, there seems to be a law of evolution * * * *. If one set * * * developed, the other * * *. In the case of extreme * * clitoris and approximation to the male * we must expect * * * * or ovaries. This would * one of the causes of sterility in these cases.
There is a type of * in which the sex cannot be * *, and sometimes * does not * * * *. Such cases are classed * * * * *, * * * of the *" * *. * *, of the age *, * examined and declared a * * * *, * *, *, * * * * * a boy. * * array of talent on both sides * discussion in * *, and the * * *. * * her in at which time * * * as to her *. * * * penis, and on the inferior * near the root * for the passage of urine. * traces of *, *, * * * seen. The * * *, * *, and the * *. * came to * that it was impossible for any man to determine * sex or the other. * * * a dog * * organs of the female, but discovered that neither * * * * * of classification. * * at the * * * * *, * * * * days after * was reported to be a *. * * * * to possess a weak *, * * *, * beard, and the thighs and legs of *. There was * on the *, the penis * short and * incapable of *, * * of fetal *; he had * * *, and as regards * * *.
The legal aspect of * * * been much *. * * * arise, and * * occur. In * * * could be * to a *, the exclusive * of a man, and * * settled by the *. If the male * * together with the * organs of man * *, then the individual could * * * * * * * * * * * *.
There is a peculiar * on record in which the question of legal * * was not settled until the individual * * a female * * years. This person was * *, * * * *, * * *, * * * as a female * * * *. * * * with her *, with whom * came to *. * * * * *, * * * * * * * * * *. *, and at this * * * * * to be a male.
The literature * * is so * that it is impossible to select a proper representation of the * in this * space, and the reader is referred to * * works on this subject, in which the material * and the discussion * *.
* * *.
* *.
* * Relative to Minor * * viewed with great * the minor structural anomalies of man, and * to be * signs or * in much the same manner * * more pronounced *. In a * * * *, * * * * that the *, in addition to their * subdivisions of *, * * * * * * * from the appearance of the liver, *, * of animals * * * * * *, and from the natural * * * * or the young of animals. * * * * * * * * *, * * a special * as to * derived from *, given by *.
* * which the * claimed to draw * * * in man and the animals are worthy of forming * by themselves, * the more as it is the part of * * with which, up to the present time, we * *. The development that their * * * *' or the art of * * *, * * * to attribute great importance to all the * which were * *. * * that an * years of observations, * *, * * system, and that in * was the influence of the * in a more * manner than in the fatal * * * * of each * according to the * the sky at the moment when he came into the world. *, * * * which he * * refute the *, * * result of these * was to consider * * * * * * * as the * * consequence of the action of these *. * * *, the observation of * *, as it were, a reflection of the state of *; on which * all terrestrial *; *, * * in them the future with as much certainty as in * *. For this reason the greatest * * attached to the * * * * * space in the fragments of the great * * * which have up to the present * *.
The rendering * * of the account of * cases in the human subject with the * * attached to * * *, after the translation of *, * * * * *, some of the words *.
"When a woman * birth to an *.
that has the ears of a *, there will be a powerful king in the country;
* * the right ear, the days of the master *) will be * * * *.
* * both ears, there will be * in the country, and the country will be * *.
* right ear is small, the house of the * * * house the birth * *) will be destroyed;
* * are both small, the house of the * will be built * *.
* right ear * * * *, there will be an * in the house of the *.
* * are both * *, the country * * and the * *.
* right ear * *, there will be an * in the house of the *.
* right ear has a * below, and * * * of the *, the house will be *.
that has two * on the right side and * on the left, the * * bring about a stable *, the country *, and it will be a land * *.
* * are both *, * * *.
that has a * *, the country will be *.
that has no mouth, the * of the house will die;
that has no * *, the people of the world will be *.
* * are absent, the country will be in *, and the house of the * will be *.
* * are absent, the days of the master *) will be prolonged, but the house (where the infant is born) * *.
When a woman * birth to an *.
that has no * *, * * * *, the name will not be *.
that has no *, * * * upon the country, and the master of the house will die;
that has * * * * * *, * * of the king will be *, * will be in the land, the men * * will be * * * influences, and * * *) shall not have * * *.
* upper lip * the lower, the people of the world * * * * * for the *.
that has no *, * * * upon the land, and the house of the * will be destroyed;
* * * * *, * * will be spared * that has no * hand, the country will be * by an *.
that has no *, * * will have no *, * * shall be lost;
that has no * on the right side, the master *) will not * * * * shall be * * *.
that has * * on the right side, the * will take the * of the house;
that has * very small * on both *, * shall not go to the *.
that has * * on each *, the people of the world will be * * to the *.
that has the heart open and that has no skin, the country will suffer from *.
that has no *, the master of the house will be enriched by the * of his *.
* * the penis and the umbilicus, there will be * in the house, the * *) will have an * * *; but the male descent of the * will be *.
When a woman * birth to an *.
that has no * *, * * * * * upon the land; the master of the house * * *.
* * is closed, the country will suffer from * * *.
* * * is absent, the country of the master *) * *.
* right foot is absent, * * will be * and there will be abundance in that of the *.
that has no *, * * of the country will be * *) and the house *.
that has the right foot in the form of a * *, * * of the country of the humble will not be * * *.
* hands and feet are like * *' * *, the master *) * * and his * shall be *.
* feet are * by his * *, the house of the * * shall be destroyed;
* * * to the tendons of the body, there will be * * in the land;
that has three *, * in their normal * (attached to the body) and the third between them, there will be * in the land;
* legs are male and female, there will be *.
* * the right *, the country of the master *) will be destroyed.
When a woman * birth to an *.
that has many * * on the head, the days of the king will be *.
that has much * on the head, the master of the house will die, the house will be destroyed;
that has much * on the head, * * go to meet the house (that has a head on the head, the good * * * * * into the house);
that has the head full of *, there will be * * * and the master *) of the * * *.
that has the head full of * the king * * * *.
that has some pieces of * *) * on the head, * shall be *.
that has some * *) * * *) * on the head, * shall be *, the house *.
that has some * * * on the head, the days of the king will be less and the years * * * of his * *.
that has some * on the head, there will be a king of the land;
that has a *- of a * on the head, the master of the house shall not *.
that has some * * * *, the days of the king * arrive at * age, the country will show * * *) * *) *, but the * the infant is born will be *.
that has the beard come out, there will be * *.
that has some * on the head, the country will be * *.
that has on the head the mouth of an old man and that * *, there will be * * in the land, * * will give a * * * the land *, * * shall be in the land;
that has on one side of the head a thickened *, * * of the men * * a long time * that has on the head * long and * *, there will be * and the * * * *.
that has the figure in * (like a * * * ancient and as * as are these *, * * * * over each, and gives the following * *.
* * like a *' *. may have been it is difficult to determine; * * the direction and shape of the * * altered as to give them an animal *, * * * was that * * * *' *. The absence of one or both ears *. * * * in recent * * * * * *. *. *, *, * * * * *' *, p.
552), and others. * * * * * * on this point the * record is silent. * * size of the ears *. * are well known at the *, and have been discussed * * * * * * * *, *, and others. * * indicated in *. * is, of course, * be determined, * * * * * * * this point. The * *' *. is one of *, and that with a * *' *. * refers to * * * * * *, * of the *. * instance of an infant born with two * on the * *. * * one of cervical * * *, * closure of the external * *. is a * *.
"The next thirteen cases *. *) were instances of anomalies of the mouth and *. * * *' *. may have been * * *; *. was a case of *; * *. * were instances of stenosis or atresia of the *. Fetuses with absence of the * *. * * * * * *. * * * * *. * have been observed in * * *. * * absence of nose and * *) is interesting, especially when taken in conjunction with * belief that the size of the former * varies with * the latter. Enlargement of the upper lip *. * * *, * absence of the lips (No. 23),
known now under the name of *, have been * * in recent times. The next * * *) were instances of malformations of the upper *: *, * were probably instances of the * * * *; * *. and 30
were examples of the * * * * *. *. * probably a case of * *.
"Then follow * instances of genital * *. *, consisting of absence of the penis *, * penis and * * * *, imperforate anus, and * * *. * * * * *. *) * * * * *: *. * may have been *; *. * * * instances of * *, and the * indicated in No. * * *. The infant born with three * *) * * a case of parasitic *, * * have been reported in recent * *; * * * by the statement * * and female * is not easy to determine.
"Certain of the ten * * *. *) * in the present state of our knowledge be identified. The presence * patches of white or gray * on the scalp, * in No. is not an unknown * at the *; but what the * * * *, *, * * * on the head of the * * it is impossible *. The guess may be * * *, *, nevi, or an excessive * * * were the conditions *, but a * with the meaning of the * * * before any * identification is possible. * of skin * from the *' *. may have * of the membranes; but there is nothing in * * to help us to trace the origin of * * in the good * following the baby born with *. If No. was a case of congenital * on the head, * * regarded as a unique *, *, indeed, a form * * be indicated.
"The remaining * *. *) refer to cases of congenital * *. to deformity of the ears *. and
61), and a * *. * From these early * * to the present * * has been attached to minor structural anomalies. * following pages the individual * will be * and the most interesting examples of each * *. It is * evident that the object of this * * * the most striking instances of * * * * descriptions of * points of * than to offer a scientific * * *, * the reader is referred *.
Congenital defect of the epidermis and true skin is a * in pathology. * * of a child * * for two * * * * hands and feet * * * *; the true skin of those * * like that of * * * * *. * * the history of * * * desquamation of the skin in a living * describes a *, * male fetus * * on both sides of the abdomen a little * *. The placenta and membranes * *, * * that the defect was not due to * *; * had a * on the left side. The mother had a * weeks before *.
* * of the * some instances the skin is * * * to the underlying tissues and is * * * * that it can be stretched * to the * * * *. There have been individuals who * the skin of the * and pull * * over the nose, * the skin of the neck over the mouth. They also * an associate * development in the * similar to the * * * *, * * * * over the skin. The * * under the title of the * *" * * of this *. The first of this class * * seen in * * * * * * * in the skin of his * *; * * could be stretched. * represents a * * * * * *, * * having the * * * * * * * * * * *. The photograph was taken in *, * In these * cases there is loose attachment of the skin * hypertrophy, to which the term * * * *. * * *, * * * * * * *, states that in * *, *, is reported to have been able to draw the skin of the * * to the left ear, or the skin under the face * * to the vertex. The skin over the knee could be * * *, and when it * to its normal * * * * *. * * a case of this * in a * of nineteen, *, contrary to * *, * * * skin from over the left * * the elastic * quite normal, but there was transformation of the * of the dermis into an * * like a *, * disappearance of the * *. * * * * * is often seen in *, both in * and in the abdominal walls, and also from *, * * such cases the skin falls in folds, and does not have * * like that of the true * *.
* * development of the scalp * *. * * *. On each side of the median line of * there were * * *, * * and shorter * * from the median * increased. In the * * in the * is left longer than that on the rest of *. The patient was * * and the right * the body * * *. The folds were due * of the muscles and scalp, and the same * * * * when a dog * * *" This case * be considered as an example of reversion to *. * * * cases of the foregoing * * * first case was a * * * *, * * * small in proportion to the size of * and body; the cranium * *; the scalp * * * and the hair *; there were *, * * * * *, and three in the occipital * *. * * * had no * *. The second case was that of an * * * * * * * than the previous one. The cranium * * * and the hair * *. The scalp * * * as in the other case, but the * were more * * the scalp over the back of the neck the two * * *.
* * have been individuals who claimed that their skin was impervious to * *, and from time * these individuals have appeared in some of the * * of the world for *. According to * number of the * *, there is in * * * * * * by physicians * * of his skin. The * *, * * *, claims to have found an * which will render the * impervious to any * * * * edge of a * *, and calls * * "Man with Iron *" He is * *, and his * * is to pass * * body through a * the inside of which is hardly * * * * body and is closely set with *, *, *, and similar *. * * * * * body with absolute *. * * not agree as to his immunity, and some of them * *, which is his name, is a * who has by long * * * * against the * * * * skin. The * of the * *, * it worth * * * about the * * it an * *. * * * * * * in the latter part of * * * * a ladder * * * *, and lying on a * * * * with four * * *, * * * up in a *, * * * * *, and was * about the stage at a *. Emerging from * *, * * * * the stage.
Some individuals * * * burns and show many * * * * *. As they are nothing * * *" * * * mention here. * of the participants in the * * * * discussed in * *.
* is characterized by the absolute or relative absence of pigment of the skin, due to an arrest, *, * of this pigment. * * * *, * * * into two *- general and partial.
As to the etiology of *, there is no known cause of the complete form. * * * part in the number of * by the authors. *, by his observations on *, believes that the influence of * is a * in the production of *; there are, however, * of heredity in this * on record, and this idea * * * with the majority of * has noted that * can also be * of a pathologic * having its * * *, the circumstances of the parents, * * * of exercise, *, *, *.
* * a family in which * out of seven * *, and in some tropical countries, such as *, * *, * * to be *. It is * for the parents * *; but in a case of *, * * *, * was an *, * * describes the case of * * *, in which the mother and * * * of the * *" and of their * * * and three were *, born in the following *: * * *, two consecutive * *, * *, * * *. * * * relates the history of * of seven children, who were * white and * but the seventh * * and in good health and * *. The parents and other * * *. * * * * * by the name of * * * * * * Examples of the total absence of pigment occur in all races, but particularly is it * * seen in * who are * * * * all the characteristics of *, as, for instance, the *, * *, * * *, *. * *, in his * * *" * * * a white *, the offspring of a * * * * * *, * * blue, and its * *. * were of a * color, and its * that of *. * * such cases are not at all uncommon; * * * *. * *, in his * *" has an excellent description of these *, * * * * *; * * that they *. * * * * * * twins, and * * are quite common in *, * generally of *, * eyes, and of a low * *; they are * * * by the *. *, * * *, * of a case of * * * through the male line of the * * * and the * * *, the father *. There is a case of a * * * who were * * * * * color but the * *. *, * * *, * of a man who, * * *, had three * *.
A description of the ordinary type of * would be as follows: The skin and hair * deprived of pigment; * * * are of a brilliant white or are *; the iris * * are nearly or entirely deprived of * * * looking at the eye we see a * zone and the * *; * absence of pigment * * * * * *, * * to a high * * *, and this is due * to a high degree * (caused by crushing of the eyeball in the * * * light) and from * exhaustion and *. * * * that they have little *, * * is not true. * * * * *, and if we exclude the results of the * of two * * say that these individuals are *.
* * is seen. The parts most often affected are the genitals, the hair, the face, the top of the trunk, * * back of the hands and *. * * the history * case of an * * * * eyes and red *, * * the family * * eyes and white *. * * *, presenting a * *, * * * * *, which is rarely seen in the * which will be described later.
* is found in the lower animals, and is exemplified * * *, *, *, *, *. In the * * * two years ago was a pair of pure *. The white * * * in the * * * nations, and is an object of * * * *. * * and white * * *. In the Natural History * * * * * examples of * * * in the lower animals.
* is an *, the exact * of the preceding. It is characterized by the presence in the tissues and skin of * amount of pigment. * * * is unknown *, in whom is only * * *, * by a pronounced coloration of part of the *.
* * * have been related of an infant with a * face, and of others with one side of the face * the other *; whether they were cases of partial * * * cannot be * from the *.
* * * * *, scleroderma, and * *, * * shortly after birth, * * later in life, will be * of in the chapter * * *.
* * * * * from the skin and are far more frequent than * *. Nearly all the * * *. *, * *, *, *, *, *, and many others * on the head. In the ancient * * * * * * *. * * in his * * * * given the * a pair of *. * * * * who had a pair of * and who was * *. * * a man with * on his *, * *; * * * that by virtue of his * his father * transmitted to * * * of the family. * * * a patient * all over the body and another with * on the * * of a * from the left *; * * * * from the *; *, one of considerable * * *; *, one from the *; * *, * *; *, from the face and foot, * *, * * the body. *, *, and Treves have collected * *, and there is one * long and * in a * *. * * reports of 71
cases of * in females, in males, and three *. Of this *, * on the head, * on the face,
18 on the lower extremities, * on the trunk, and three on * *. * * reports of * * males, the sex not being mentioned in the remainder. Of these
48 were on the head, * on the face, * on the nose, * *, three on the leg and foot, * on the back, * * glans penis, and * on the trunk. * * cases of cutaneous *. The greater * females is * by all *. * age is * cause. Several patients over * have been * one of *.
Instances of cutaneous *, * seen and reported by the *, give rise to most * * * * * * is given in New * *, * * * * by some * * *, * * *, was born with hair * * * * the body; * * * * and his * * * * * * *. He had a * * * from the skull, a full set of teeth, and * * * like a dog * * on all *, * * * * of a normal *. The mother * * * after the birth of the *. The country * * * * * * * for a * the mother * to a * * *. * by his *, * * * * have a * in her * * * *.
* has made a minute examination of the * * Men of *" * found that this * was caused * * * * * development of * * of the maxillary *. * * *, and through an * found that they *, * * history of *, * *, and were unassociated with * * * * *. * * learned that the * * * * * * * region, and received no information * * * * that the * * * * * means to produce the *, * * * * among many *.
Probably the most remarkable case of a * was that of * *, * * *, *, from the upper and lateral * * *, had a * * * * * * * *, which he * * * * * * * *. There is in * * * model of *, * * * * in length, removed from an old * * * *. * is from a * * to have been taken from *, showing an * * * from the *. * * * under the care of *, in a woman * * * * * * * in diameter and six * in height. * hard at the * and had a * *. * there was * * * * * constantly shed * * * *, one of which was presented to the King. * * * * *. * * the case of an * who had a * * into three *, * * *. * * of a woman who had a * *, growing from her *. There is an account of * of a * * * * in length * * of a woman * *. * describes a woman * from whom * * * * * * *, growing from the left * *. * * * * reached the corresponding *. It was * *, * *. * at the base, and *. at the apex, * * *. It began to grow at the age of * * * *. * * before the * * * * * * from the head of a woman. * * * * long, and at the time of * of it was * place in the *. * * case of * * * in the *, * There was a woman * *, * * *, who had a * * from the face * * * * and which * *, * * representing the growth during *. * * * * from the *; * * * * * * that was removed from the * a woman * *; * * * * * * * * * growing from the * of a * * * * of a dermal horn of the *; * * * * * * * from the * membrane of *; * * of one from the eyelid; * * * * *; * * of a * from the lower lip, * of one from the neck.
* * * instance of a * growing from an * *. The patient was * years of age * victim of congenital *. He was * * *, * shortly after the wound * * * * *, followed by a * about the size of a *. * of a * * * long and * *; * * * * *. There is * of a * * * who had a * on his * * * *. * * a case of a * * *, which was of sebaceous origin and was * by an *.
* reported the case of a * * * *, living in *, *, who had * * from her *, *, *, ears, and *. * * of a * * * * * * * *, who had * * * long and * * * growing from * and toes.
* presents a * * grew from the middle of the leg * * below the knee in a woman * *. It was * * of more than two *, and during * * had reached the length of *. * * * *, * * * in diameter, and it * * * * * * in diameter. * * * * on the * at the * of a *. * * * speak of * from the * * * * * who had a * * * * * * * * growing from the left *. It had been * * * by the * * * * * * *. The length of the pieces * *. * * * * on the clitoris about the size of * * in a * origin from beneath the *.
* are generally * but cases of multiple formation are known * * * record a * case with * * on the palms and soles. A female * * * as many as *.
* * the case of a man * *, *, *, and lips * covered with * *, * * * * *. The patient was * * *, and had been exposed to the * his life. He had * * attacks of * * *. When he * * * * * * * * and were brought to the physician *; and the photograph was taken after the patient * * horns in situ on his *.
Anomalies of the * * is quite rare, and it is seldom that we see instances of individuals who have * * of hair from birth. * knew of two * * * * * * never had hair or *. * * case of a man * * * ever since * * * of hair and in whom * * * * *. * * on his * *, * a year before * precisely the same *. * says that the * some other people * * * by the aid * * *, * about the genitals. * * * a man * * * never had * growth of hair * *, * *, * of the sense of * and almost of that of *. * no apparent *, and when * * * * * * * * in order to moderate * * * *. * * * in wet * in a * * * *. There was * hair in the axillae and on *, but only the slightest * on the scalp, and even * * on the skin. * * * * * * *; he was the youngest of *, * * sick, and though not able to chew * in the *, he had never suffered from * in any form. * * and had * *. Of these, two * * * of teeth, * had the ordinary quantity of hair. * of an * * * * who was * * * on the head, face, and every part of the body. He had *, * *, who was * *. * * * * of another * *, * * * *, that contained * *. This is very * * * * are a very * * of people.
* * a boy of three and a half in whom there was congenital absence of hair and an * condition of the * *. His mother was * from the age of six, * *. * * * cases of * * of a * * (a boy of thirteen and a * * *. They had * * * * *, and had * * addition there were neither * * * * * trace of *. The children * otherwise healthy * *. The parents and * * * * * * growth of hair. * * a case of a man *, who was * devoid of hair all his life * * * *. * skin was very delicate and * absence of * * * *. The skin * * *, *, * absence of pigmentation. * on the * of the head and back was very *, *, *, and not more in quantity than that of an infant * *. There was a similar * in his * * the case of a young * * * * * * on the * * head and no *. * * and had never * *. * * * *.
* * the case of *, who was a patient in the * * * * * The skin of this * * * * *, although in * * * * found to be beset with a quantity of very white and *, similar to the * that covers the scalp of infants; * * on the * there were a few * * by the * of several * which the patient * off. The * were merely indicated by a few * * * *; the free edges of the eyelids * *, but the * of each of these * indicated by a * point. The beard * * thin and * * * * * * * * weeks. A few * * * on the breast and pubic *, as in young * the approach of *. There was scarcely any * *. It was * more abundant on the inner parts of *. * * * like that of a * * *. * * of an * * * had syphilis *. His mother and both * * * of hair, but his father * the same * *.
* are on record of women devoid of hair about the genital *. * says that he * the body of a * who was * * from the umbilical *.
* * is seen in animals. There is a species of dog, a native * * * * * * * and in the *, which is distinguished for its * *. * * has been observed occasionally in *, *, *. * * seen a * * * *, * * a female which in her * * * * to two of her *.
* and Hair * growth or development of the hair may be accelerated by the state of the organs of generation. * * noticeable in the pubic * and the beard, and * * in the section on * * *; *, * * * * showed a child * * * * * in whom * development of * * * that of the hair to such a degree * the age of six, the chest of this boy was * * * * as is usually seen in adults. It is well known that * * a great part of their *, and after removal of * women are seen to develop an extra quantity of * * of an infant with a beard, and * * * * * *.
* women are not at all *. * * a female * * * * shortly after * had ceased. * * * fact that after the menopause women * *, the same being the case after removal of any of * * *. * * * * who had *, * * * * * *" * * * women of * * * * * * * or no *. * * says that * * * are causes of female *, * * * * * of a young * * * * * *, * * had a *.
* *, who lived in the 16th century, had a * to her *. The most * * *" * *, who died in a hospital in * * with a * * * *. * * * * * * * hair and had a full beard and *. * * * in both jaws, and the teeth * * in an irregular fashion. She had * * * * * * *. * examined in * who died * *, * * * a full * * * *.
* * * cases of * *, * of the * * * *. One of the patients * * of age and had been * * years following * *. She would not permit the hair on her * * *, and the curly * * * attained a length of * to ten * on the *, * on the upper lip * * * * *. * patient was * * in all *. The second case was a woman * *, * * *. She had * * *, * * * * * * *, * * in color, and a * * on the upper lip. The third case was that of * * *, * * a strong * for the *. * * had been * until the menopause. * * beard, and it was seven or * * * * * and one * on the lip. * * * * *. Another case was that of a woman * *, *, *, developed a * before the *. * * * * in character, and it is said that *, who was *, had a * also. A * case was * a woman * * *. * *, * from the age * had a considerable quantity of hair on the side of * which eventually became a full *. * * * * free from excessive * *, * * * * * *. * * was very *; * * * * and a half, * * normal children, * * for one *. * * *" of every * is an evidence of the curious interest in which * are held. The accompanying * is a * * * *" born in * *, *. * * * in length.
There is a class of anomalies in which there is an exaggerated development of hair. We would * expect to find * *, who are not provided with * against the *, * with an extra * * or having a * * * animals; but this is * * * *. * * presence of hair * human body has been known for many years; the description * in the Bible is an early *. * says that * * * * came to the * * * * of a *, *, and two daughters, who were * over their * by long hair, and their *, * * *, resembles the modern instances of *.
* there was shown in England and *, * * *, * * of seven * *" a native * * * body of this * * covered with * *. * * of the * type, and this, with her * powers of * and lips, * her the title * * link." In there was * * * the name of *" * *, * * * *, * face, head, back, and limbs * with a brown * * * * * * * long. The other parts of the body * * * *, but less *. * * had a * *, *, who was * * *.
A family living in * *, * history is * * * * *, consisting of a *, a daughter, * *, were nearly covered with hair. * 84
represents a somewhat similar * who were * * *.
* *, a young * * *, * * *, * * all over the body, with the exception * hands and feet, by thick, * *. * * * in this country only a few months since by a * * the rounds of the * * under the * * *, * * *" * * * * that of *.
Sometimes the hairy anomalies are but instances of * *. * * * * examined at the * * * was an example of this kind. *, *, * * * * *. Many of the * men" were * * * * *.
* * that he has seen a young man * * * * * to the public under the name of a new * * * * breast and back * covered with * * of considerable *.
The surface upon which it * * of a * *, different from the color of the surrounding *. Almost the whole * * * * covered in the same manner. On the * * * of hair * * * * * * * to eight lines in diameter * * * legs. The hair * *, of the same * * of the head. * informs us that he * * * * man who from his * * * with a * of his * like that of a * *, and he * * * which were * among the * * * * * *, * *, *, * * * in which the face * * to a greater or less * *. * * a child of six * * * *, except the feet * *, * covered with a great * * brown spots of different *, beset with * and not so * as that of a *, * * * resemblance to the * of that animal. * * * * of the surface of this * * in the early part of this * * a case * there was a large tuft of long * * growing from *. * * * a case of a young man * * * * * * tuft of hair as long and * * *, as that of the head, and, * in this case, the skin from which it * * * * * as the * of the rest of the body. There was * * *, under the * of "the * * *" who had growing from the center of her * * * a veritable * of long, * *, * * from a form of *.
* * a case of extensive hypertrichosis of the back in a * * * *; * * * *; * * of the back and numerous * nevi on *. * * * there were tumors of the nature * *. In addition to hairy nevi on the other * the body there was * *.
* * an interesting case of * * * * *. There were also present * * * *) and numerous smaller * over the * * observed the patient in * * * *, and he stated that he was born with a large * over the upper parts of the thighs and lower * * *, * *, * resembling the * * *. The same * true of the small * parts and the * * *. Subsequently the altered portions of the * * * somewhat larger. The skin of the large *, as well as that of the smaller *, was stated by * have been in the main thickened, in part *, * * * * * dark brown in color; * * the larger * and smaller tumors soft, *, *. The case was * one of large * * * * * *.
* * boy was shown at the * * with a dark, * * situated in the lower part of the trunk and on * in the position of * *. * * * * cases with * *. * * of the * referred to had a * * *, extending from * all over the back. * * and her * * * * * growths of all sizes * * * *, trunk, and limbs. According to *, * * * case, with extensive * * * * back and nevi of all sizes *, is described * * * *" * * * in which a large * * half the * * by the *.
In some instances the hair and * is of an enormous *. * * * * * a female of *, * * * *. * * * * * * in the interior of this country * * * * * when he * *, * * * *. * ago there * * * * * *" * * * the ground, and with whom * one is * through a * * which they *. In Nature, * is an account of * * * * * * * * * * * *, probably the greatest * * * * on record. * * *, * *, * * * * * *. * * *, * there is a * an old * * * * * * * * as long.
* * contains the account of a woman who had * from the * * * * to the knees; it was * * *, as was also the other * of the body.
* * * * * *, with an * *, who had but little * * * on the trunk, but whose * covered with a most * *. It was * * *, * * *, dark brown in color, * a mass * * * * *.
* pathologic conditions may give rise to accidental growths of hair. * * accustomed to * in his * * * a man who, having an * tumor in the thigh, * * * covered in a short time with numerous *. * * of several instances of this kind. In one * affected by a blister in a child of two * * *. * * was that of a student of medicine, * * in the sea for a length of time, and * to the * *, * affected with * * which there * a growth of hair. *, * * * *, * of a woman * *, * skin and hair of deep *, * after a long * by an * analogous to * * * on the back, breast, and abdomen, with a multitude * * similar to those which appear on exposure *. * * * * * at the end of a *, and short, *, * * was observed on the * *, * * * * that the whole surface of the * the exception of the hands and face * *. * * * * * * * spontaneously and was * *.
Anomalies of the Color of the * infants sometimes have * of hair on their * which are perfectly * *. * * of a young man * * from its * * *. * men from * * * * gray; and according to *, * *, * * * *, diseases of the scalp * *, wounds of the head, * *, * * * *, * * * *, too great *, *, have been known to * * *.
* * * of the sudden * of the color of the hair * * * or other causes * * * interest, and many * explanations have been * account for it. There is a record in the time of * * * young man who was committed to * * * * * *, and while there was in great * * * * * from the * the next day. * * * *, * * * * and pale and his * * *, the change * * place in the *. * * * * *, and the *, * * * *, * *. There was a * * * * at the age of thirteen * * * * of the hair * * in a single * this was confined to a * on the back of the head * in length. * * * * *, and in * * * *. The same * * of a * *, * *, * *, * * * * * * * long and dark on one side and light and * the other. One side of her body * * *, * * * * light and *. * * seen by the * *, but no cause could be established.
* * the occurrence of * * *. * had a * * * * * * * * consequence of some * * * *. * records a similar *. According to *, * by the name of *, * before the Chamber * * * * in the trial of the * *, * * * * * * * * * in a single * * mention of this peculiar anomaly in the * of the "Prisoner of *.
* * * *, but not with *, * * * *
In a single *. * * * * * * *.
* * say that * * reference to * * and others. The fact of the change is * * *, the wife of * *, * in not quite * * *, * and not * being the cause. * *' case of a * * * who was * * * * * with symptoms of delirium tremens; * began to set in * *) he was * * * * of the *. In the * the day * * the hair of the head and * the patient, * *, * *. * * * * the pigment contents of the hair * *, and led * to believe that the white color * * to the excessive development of * in the *. * * * the premature and especially * * * connection with * * * * quote the * * * * * *" ("To worry * * *. * on several occasions in his own * * * * * * in a night and which he *. * * * * on the subject with the belief that it * possible for * * to turn * in one * * * a less time, * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * during a severe * * * * * * * color in five * * * * * on the back and *; most of the * * * to red, but some to * white, and in * all the red * * white and a quantity * *. * * * general health, but with almost * * *, only a few *, white, and * * * * * and temporal *. * * the case of * * which was nearly killed by some *. * * * * * * of the head * * white, and about half of those on the back of the * * *.
* * a case of puerperal * in a patient * * * which was * with sudden *. * *. * *. * of blood * *. Between the time of *' *, not more than an hour, the hair * * * * * *. The next day it was * *, * four or * * was nearly its natural *. * * * cases of sudden * * *.
* * the case of a healthy * * * * * * * * * * *, which was *, that a * * length of the back * * *, * * * about two * * around the *. * weeks later she had patches of * * * *.
*, in Science, * has collected * instances of sudden *, several of which will be *.
"In the * * of Medical Science, *. is reported a case of sudden * due to *. * showed a great many * both in the * and between the medullary and cortical *.
"In the * Medical and Surgical *, is reported a case of a man * years old, * * * *' * * * by a * *. He was * in a * *, * *, * * *. * * * found a * * * *.
"A second case is that of a man * * years who was * * *. * * * * * * * turn of a *. He was * * * * * cards were being *. The next day * * * *.
"In the same * is the statement that the * * of the * * does not * * *, but when * * it is sudden, usually the result of * * *.
*, * * *, describes a young man * *, * * in the * * * * * * * * * * with a *, * * * * *, * * of the body * beard and hair on the right side of the body was found * * *, the left side * *. * * * * * *, * * cured of his * * * was still white, and no * * * * *.
* * *, who died in * * of the * of his *, * he had put to death on a * * *, had a change of color in his *, which became * *. *, * * *, * almost immediately after a terrible *, *, * *, * the same * after a * * * in the *. The beard and the hair * * * * * * * hours after * his father had been * * at the battle *.
* * * of a * * * * * * in whom the middle portion of the cilia of the * * and a number of the * of the lower lid * in a week. Both eyes * *, but no other * * *. * * case is * * *, * * have seen * *. * * * * * of a * in whom the hair of the left * * * to turn * after a * of sudden *, * * * all the hair of these regions * * white and *. No other * * * * was there any other * a traumatic * of the left and * of the right eye in a boy * *, * * a group of cilia of the right upper lid and nearly all * of the upper lid of the left eye, * * *, * * in a short time. * * * * to become * * * are also on record of local * * * * * * * of isolated branches of *, especially of the * *.
* and Partial * special interest are those cases in which * of the hair is only *. * * a case in which the black * of a woman * began to * on the * day of a *, and on the sixth * * * * *, * * * day the * * * again, and on * * after the change they had become as black * * *. * records a case in which the hair * * * * * * it in *. * * * * *, * * * for a long time, * it all * white, and after * so for a * returned to its original *.
* of the hair is sometimes only *. According to * an adult * * * * * had a * * * over the *, and several * cases are on * tells us that * of one side only is * by severe *. * * known the beard * * in one place and white in another. * * * * * on one side of the face * * * * * color on the other. * * cases of * * * of one side of the body.
* * * * of hair in a * * * *. * * * from the roots to a distance * *. The probable * was a temporary alteration of * *. When the * was cured * * *. * * *, as well as *, speak of different * hair in the same * it is not at all rare to see individuals with an * patch of hair on the head. The members of the * * * * said to possess a tuft of white * * * of their *.
* * * describes a * case in a * * * affected with partial *. In the family * * there was stated to be congenital *, and some * * had been observed * *. In the * year, after a grave attack of *, the hair to a great extent * out. The succeeding * * was stated to have been * * in tissue * * * at the points. Soon after * * * appeared on the occiput, and in the succeeding * * * * * * * also on the anterior * portions of the scalp. In the * * * * signs of infiltration of the apex of the right * * * * * * on. At the time of * the patient * the appearance shown in * * * * * throughout, the * * * *, * * * * *, and in the * a few groups of white *. The white patches * * the left side of the head. The * growing on them *, but otherwise normal. The patient stated that * * *. He was * * * * * * *, * at the apex of the right lung.
* * Changes of the * * * liable to undergo * changes of color * with some * that part of the * * * *. * * *, gives us a report of the case of a young *, after a severe fever which * a very difficult * a fine head of hair during a discharge of * * * the head in every part. * tells us, * the hair * * of a deep * * after the * the patient. The same * * of the case of * * with brown *, *, * lost it all during the * * *, * * replaced with a crop of the * * and gray * has also, * * *, * * * of the same color as the individual * *. We are * * * * that in the white * a woman * years of age changed to black a few days * *. * * in this case were found of great *, * * with a substance from which the hair * *. The white * * *, on the contrary, * * * much smaller than those producing the black. * died of *. * A very * *, * early in the century, was that of a woman * *, * *, * * * red color * as she * affected with a certain fever, and returned * * * as soon as the symptoms *. * * the case of a young *, * years of age, who had * * * * *, and who, in the * * that the hair began to fall out from * of her *, so that * six months * * * * *. In the beginning of *, * * * with a kind of black * * * * * * denuded, and light brown * began to develop from * of the scalp. Some of this * * again when it had * three to four *; the rest * * * * from its * * * of a * color from *. The hair, * *, * *, had a very *.
* * * * cases of women with * * which all * * after a severe * * in one case), and * * * it was * *. * * * a young * * * * * after an illness, and after * * *. According to *, in an * * * type (in an * * *, * * * * and excitement, the hair in the * * * and in the * * red. The change of * place in the course of two or three *, * * * * ends, and * of the same * * seven or *. The pale * * * * than the * * * * structural change in the brain and spinal * * * reported a case of suppurative disease of * bone, in which the hair changed from a * * *; * * records a congenital case in a *, in whom the hair on the left side was in light * * * and dark patches of dark brown like a *; on the other side the hair was a dark brown. * the changes which have occurred in rare instances * * dark brown to red.
* * of various * *. * * is seen in workers in * * * * *; * hair in *; * * hair in * * * *; * * * * * * * * used on a * come in contact with an *, * * * *. Among such cases in older * * * * speak of * *; * * instances of the same, for one of which he could find *; the other * worked in a * *.
* * causes are given * *. * * * * * *; * * * *; * * * * * *; * * *, * description of *, * * *. * the following *: A man * * from a fever, * *, * six months * * that he had * all his *, * *, *, *, *. * * * *, the hair * * *.
The principal anomalies of the nails * * *, hypertrophy, and displacement of these organs. * * * * * * * either very * * absent; in others they are of great * *. * * * * * * * * a great length and * much time in the care of these * * * have long and * * resembling the * *, and use them in the same way as the lower * is a description of a person with * * * * of a *. * *, in his * * * * *, says that many * have two * on the * *, and other instances * * have been reported.
The nails may be reversed or arise from anomalous *. * * * * from the inner side of the digits; * case, in which the fingers * *, * * * implanted on the *. * * * knew of a case * * came from the * of three digits; and * * * * * are to be found.
* * a description and drawing of some * * to the * * * * *. The largest of these * * * *, *, from its * to its * *; * * of which it * * * over the other, like the * on a *, *. * * and several of the others were of * and were * *, * * account of * of the * or the * *. * * * sent to * * *, * of the *, belonging to an old woman who had lived in *. They were * thick and * *, * * of a *. * informs us that he * a patient at * * who had a * like that of a *, instead of a * * great toe, the extremities of which were * * * * * the whole of the other * * *. The skeleton * *, preserved in *, * * * ankylosis of all the * and the * of all the nails. The fingers and toes, * * *, * * * of great length and nearly of *. A woman by the name of *, living in the * * *, * * * woman with *" * the description given by * * * * and not * * instance of the excessive * * *.
* * * account of the nails of a * * *, * * to such a size that some of those of the fingers * * in length. They were composed of several *, *, * on the *, * full of *. * * * off at the end of four months and * by others. There were * * * on the * shoulders and * * * * resemblance to *, * *. They were * only at the point of * the skin. Various other parts of the body, particularly * of the hands, * * * *. * * * * * in length. * * * * *. *, in the * *, * * * case in a * * *.
Anomalies of the *, *, * *, *, * *, *, *, * * * * in which children have come into the world with * * *. * has collected cases of * * *. * * describes an infant * * * * *. * * men are * * * born with *; * * * * * * * at birth. *, a physician and * * * *; *, * *; *, * *, * * some of the ancient * * *, * reputed to * * *. The significance of the * * * * not always that of *, as many of the subjects * in life. There were * * typical of fetal * before the * * * * *. One of * had two * * in the lower * and the * * * * *. * * a female born with * * in the lower *.
* * a case of * development of * *. *, *, *, *, and others report the * * in the newborn. * *' case the teeth had to * * account of ulceration of the tongue. * * * late in life are quite *, * * a hundred *. * * of a man of one * * who had * * *. * * * the case of * *, * * over a century * had two * * * * instance of dentition at one hundred and * * of one at one hundred, and the * * account of a triple * at one hundred and *. * * account of a country * * * all his * * * * * * * * year of age, but about a * * a new set * their appearance. * * account of an old woman who * * * * * * * *. * * a case of * * * * * *. * * of a third * * * of dentition of a molar at the age *. There is a record of a physician of the name of * * all his * * until the age of *, * * *; * five years another set *, * * * his death at one *. In the same report * * an old * who died at one hundred and * * * * at an advanced age * he had * * *. One of the older * * of dentition *, *, *, and one hundred and *. * Transactions of * * * * * * * *. * * of an * who had * * * at the age of *. * there is recorded * * * and an * an old man * * who had * * *. * * * instance of * * at the same age. There * * * * account of a woman * * * * * * * *, each time a new set * *; * * * * * *. * describes an example of third *. * * * observation of a * *.
* have already * the association of congenital * * *, *, strange to * * * * *" was the subject * *. * * atrophy of all the * in a woman * * * never had * * * * a boy * * who had never had teeth, and * woman who had * * in both *; * * * *. * * of a child who was * as to * *, but who had the permanent * and fully *. * describes a man * * * * from birth, who also * * * * *, and was * without the sense of *; * * * * * covered with fine * and he had never * *. This is probably the same case * * * * * regard to the anomalies of hair. * * *, * of two * who were both *. It might be interesting in this connection to * * found in a fetus at term all the * follicles in * * *, leaving no doubt that, if the fetus * * *, it would have been *. * the absence of teeth in an infant * * * describes a child * *, with only * * *, * the alveolar * * as in *. * * * * seen a man who never had * *.
* anomalies of excessive * are of several *, those of simple supernumerary teeth, double or * *, * * * *. * * a child with * in the inferior * bone, and * a young * * * * * * * * * in the superior *. * * a case * of four *, * * * * * * * * days in the jaws and associated *. In an * * * * * * * on each side and in each *. * * * * * * * * *. * persons have * * * with their neighbors, * *. * * a case in which there were * * in the upper *, * * * on either side, * on the right side behind the other two. The patient * years of age, well formed and in good health.
In some cases there is fusion of the teeth. *, *, * * * to have seen the * of all the * a continuous mass. In the * * * * *" there are several *, both of the superior * *, which are fused together. * * a case * there were * rows of teeth in the superior * * * * rows of teeth, and the * * account of a similar *.
* * the most * * of teeth is that in which they are found in other than normal * * of teeth in the nose and *; *, * *; * *, under the tongue; *, * *; and there are many * * *. * * wrote a * * * *. The following is * *: *.
"In the * * * *, *, it is reported that *. *, at a meeting of the Medical * *, showed a * removed from the nose of a woman *. The patient had * * * *, * * was found * during the routine * was easily *, having been situated in a small * the junction of the floor and external wall of the *, *. from the external *. * patient had * *; they were * * far from each other. The * * * *; the end of the * * * with a * of mucous membrane, with *. The speaker suggested that part of the * of the mouth with its * had become * the superior * * bones and thus cut off * cavity of the mouth. * * * * * * * it to be due to an * in the wrong * which the tooth * * into the nose. The same * * pointed out that * epithelium of the mucous membrane did not prove * with the cavity of the mouth, as it is known * * * * * * * * *.
* * a young man * who had an opening in the * * occasioned by the extraction of a *. * * with the nasal * by a fracture of * * * *; * * of an * *. It is not rare to see *, * *, * * from the * of the palate; and these * * * *, * examples of * * * *. *, *, * an example of * * * in the * *. * * a little * * who had two large * in the * * * otherwise normal, but a portion of the nose * by ulceration. * describes a * * * * had a * in the nose, * to have been a tumor. * of the * type, and was covered with * * * with the root, which was * * in the side * part of the antrum. The boy had a perfect set of * and no *, swelling, or cystic formation of the * * clearly a case of * * * of the tooth in an anomalous *, * * that while in other * cases the * of the * * at the floor of the nasal cavity * * * this instance the * * * *, * * * * *. * * * instance in which * * * of a * * in the nose. * * * evidence of hereditary *. * * * who had a * growing from the lower right *. * * * * * *; * * * * it had a somewhat * *.
* anomalies of the head the first to be considered will be the * * *, strange to say, have been known * *. * * an example of life * * * * * without a *. * records the birth of a * * * * * that it was kept alive for *. There was a child * * * * * * * or a * *, * * * * * * *. A somewhat similar case is recorded in * *. In the * * * * a child * * without a head who lived *; * * * records a case of a child * * *, * medulla oblongata, and who lived * * * describes an * * born at term * * *. * * * * * at term * * * *. * * a child with * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, reported a case of * * *, associated with * * and limbs in a state of * * * * * * *. * * * * * * lived a quarter of an hour. * one that * * hours, and * describes a * in which * * * * hours and * * *. * * life in one for * * * has given a description of a child * * * * * a full day and * *. * * * * * * * a monster of this * * * days, and was * * milk and * *, * * could be found who was willing to * *.
* * * * * *, * * * *, *, * from birth * * signs of * of the cerebellum. * * power of * * with a *, * *; they could not * nose with the finger when their * * *, *. * of these * * * * *, * the rest of their *. * * a case of a * * who had * * cerebellum, with the * which are characteristic in such cases. There is * the history of a man who was deficient in the *; at the age of *, * * * * * * signs of nervous *. * * * * on a woman who had no trace of olfactory lobes, and * * * * * * * found that * sense of * * * * * *.
* relates the history of a case * analogous to viability of * *. It was a * * * * hours after he had * one of *. * *} The argument that the brain is not the sole organ of the * is in a measure * by a * case of * *, reported from *. * * * * * severed the larynx and removed the whole mass of *, leaving the inner * and base of the skull * * * * *; the external auditory meatus *. Immediately after the * * * * to its * * *, but it * * * *, where it was * and subsequently * * * * * esophagus, and allowing water to * into this * * * of an *. * * exhibited by * * * *. It made all the * *, * *, * * *, attempted to *, of course, * * * *. * * * * *, * did not seem to hear. A * was the *, * * * * * *.
* * * instance of congenital absence of the *. * * * * cases in which the *, * *, * * * * * * * * malformation of the brain, * almost complete absence of the occipital lobe. The * at the * *. * * the case of * who died at the age of * who had complete absence * * in addition to other minor * * * probably the case * * *. * Diminution in volume of the head is called *. Probably the most remarkable * on record is that * * * * was called *" or the human * * * * was only *. * * * * * *" * *, * was only slightly larger than that of the * mm. in *. * * * * among some of the peoples * *. We also * * * * Islands, and from the * * * * * * we are led to believe that they were *.
* * * * * * * *, * * * years have been shown in * and in * * name of the *" or the * *. They were * female and very short, * * * * * on the ancient * * * *. * * was about *, and they had * * * * * *. * * * hair in an enormous * * * *. * * were born in Central * * * * * * *. They were little better * * point of *.
* represents a * * known as the * * *" who was shown with the * *.
* * * * * * * * was no larger than that of a * child, and whose head was scarcely * as a * *. * reported a case of a * * * * * *.
* * * * speak of * as a * * * microcephaly, and some * * * * * * * *.
As a rule, * * * * * * * * development of the rest of the body. Ossification of * in a mature * * * * * of the brain. * and others have * *. There are cases on record in which the * * * * *.
Augmentation of the volume of the head is called *, and there are a number of * * *. * an individual, * well formed, whose head * * * *. * * * * * * * and the * * * * in height; * portion of his * * *; * * * and he was very intelligent. * died of * * * * *. * * * of a cranium in the * of the Natural History * * * of a man by the name of * died in At the time he was described he was * *, * * in height; * * * * * * and one * in height. There was a * *, * * * * * *" meaning in the *, * * no more * * *" This man, * * * all over *, was not *, * * *, to maintain the weight of his *, * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * * a man who died in the same * * at the age *. * * was enormous, and he * * on a * * *, * * * in a chair, * * *. * * * once in * * * *, * *, and never used * *. His knowledge was * have been * * *, and he * * * heard the * * *. There is related * * * *, who was seen in * early in this * years of age, of middle *, with a head * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * long, and his * so large that * * * * as others would an apple. He was an * * * was a * * years old, * measured in * *; from one * meatus to another, *; from the * * * * to the * *, * distance from the * to the * * inches; and * * to the soles of the feet, he was a *. *, who died in * Hospital in and who was * for the size of his *, * * * *.
The largest * * on record, that is, of men of *, are those of *, * *; * *, * * (the circumference * * * *; * *, * *, and of *, * *. * * * * * *, showing marked * *.
* * instance in this * is that * * *, * * * account of a double * found in an infant. * finding a * *, instead of being * * * *, consisted of two * * with a triangular * *.
When the augmentation of the volume of the cranium is caused by an abundant quantity of serous fluid * * is known *. In this condition there is usually no change in * of the * itself, but often the cranial * * * *. * * of a * * * * * * *; * * whose head * inches; and *, * *. * represents a child of six * * * *. * shows a * who was * through this country.
There is a record of a * * * of healthy * * *. * * was caused by a deficiency * material of the bones of the head. There was * of development of the parietal, temporal, and * bones, in consequence of which a very small amount * cerebral substance could be protected by the * of the cranial *. The inferior * * * * were both *; the ears * well developed * * * and active; the * * * * was no * to the mouth * * to the *. * * * free from *, *, * *. * * to slough. There was * * on the left * second and third * of both * * * * * *; the right foot * the distal * * * * and the left * * * * * *. * * when fed from a *, appeared to *, * no sense of light. * * shortly after * * was made.
* a deficiency in the osseous material of the cranium or an abnormal dilatation of the * gives rise to * of the meninges, which, if accompanied by * in any *, causes a large and * * * *. If there is a protrusion of *, a condition known as * * *.
Complete absence of the inferior * is much rarer in man than in animals. * * * have described a * of this anomaly in a *. * has named * the total or partial absence of the inferior * * *. * atrophy of the inferior * been seen in man as well as in the lower animals, but is * frequent than atrophy of the superior *. * the case of a young man who had the inferior * * that in infancy it was impossible for * to take * the breast. He had * almost complete * * *. * * * deformity of the *, resulting in * of the * of the lower *. * * * on a * * conformation of the lower * * * *, * causing the death of * on this account. * gives a description of a lower * development of the left * of which had been * * arrest of development of the left * of the lower * combined with malformation of the *.
* prominence of the * is called *; that of the superior * is seen in the * *. * * is observed in man as well as *. * *, for example, * *, but in * * * is really * *, * * * * in development.
Congenital absence of the nose is a very rare *. * * * an example in an individual in which, * of the nasal *, there was a * * * two small * a little less than one mm. in diameter * *. *.
* in volume of the nose is quite *. * * of a * * * larger than *. * * *, we find that *, to whom was given * *, had a nose which * * *, *, * * had a similar *, * * * * * * * * the Superb.
Early in the last century a man, * * * *, with a * * *, * * *. This man * * he had lived, in a condition * best described as the most * *. * * is taken from a * of an old * * * to be a true * of this * *.
There are * * * about the nose which increase its volume * * as to interfere * and even with *; but these will be * in another *.
There have been * * * * * *. * * * *, * * *, * * * * in the * * *, * * *.
There are a few * cases of congenital division of the nose. *, *, and the * speak of *. * * * * * * * * *. * * the case of an infant of three * * * * * on the right * * * * * of the eye. It was *, with its base * was the size of the natural nose of an infant of that * * passed through *. *, *, * * * * occlusion of the posterior *. * * * cases of congenital occlusion of the anterior *.
Anomalies in size of the mouth are not uncommon. * * the history of a man who had a * so large that when he * all his * * could be seen. There is a history of a * * who had a * *, * * * *. The mother * * boy was born with his * in his mouth and to this * * *. * * races are noted for * * * * *. * * * * * * * *, could put * * * * *.
* * * cases of congenital * accompanied by malformation of the * and by * *. * * * * * * * * * of the eye. * is sometimes produced by *. In other cases this malformation is unilateral and * *, in which instance the * may be * * * of the duct of *. * * * with these anomalies * * * * *, either through the * by means of a * * the anterior part of the neck.
* are a few cases on record in which the mouth has been so small or * as not to * * * * an individual * * * * was the * of a * *.
* records a case of congenital * of the mouth. *, *, *, * * * * * of the mouth. * *, scarlet fever, *, *, * * causes that have been mentioned, * * these instances * place at any time of life.
Anomalies of the * * * are particularly noted for their large and * *, some of which * * * signs of *. * * * hypertrophy of the * tissues can * *, such as is seen in * * individual who was * several years ago *. We have in * the expression, * * *" * origin is said to date back to a * * * * *, *, * * * heart and * * one of his * * * * *, * * * * * like a * on his *.
* records a case of * * hypertrophy of the superior * in an infant * * *. * * by surgical operations a case of congenital * * * lip, and * * a similar result in * * with hypertrophy of the lip and lower part of *. * * * * malformation of the lower * in one *.
* may be unilateral or double, and may or may not include the * *. In the * cases it extends in * * sides to the orbit. In other cases the minimum * * * is seen.
Congenital absence of the tongue does not necessarily * *, *, * * *. * * * * * * who was born without a * but who * *. * describes a case in which the tongue *, without apparent * of any of the * * * after loss of the tongue * *.
* * * account of * *, * * readily and *, * she had * * * has an observation of a * without a * * *, * * *. *, *, *, *, and others * * without the * * *.
* * a case in which *, * * that of one * *, was due to * * * * to the floor of the buccal *. * * * removal of the abnormal *. * * * of the tongue of * *' *.
* records such * mobility of the tongue that the patient was able to project the tongue into the * * * * * *.
There have been individuals with * *, after the normal type of * * *, and others who * * *. *. * *, * * *, in his *, written in the * * that he was born with two * * passed through *, *, *, * *. In the * * * * * * observed in a * * * * * cm. in length and * mm. in * a tumor at the base of the normal tongue. It was * *, and on histologic examination proved to be a * with the typical tissues and *. *, *, *, *, * * * * *, * * * * have seen *. * * * instance of * tongue in a * * * *" * * * * * * *. * records a case in which there was a * * of membrane coming from each side of the *.
In some cases there is marked augmentation of the volume of the tongue. * * seen a * with a * so long * * * * * * from his *. * * refers to * * * with a long *, but it was * * * * *. When she * * * * * * like a * * * * cold to the touch. In the same * is a description of a man with a very long * * * * tongue to his * * * * * and acquired hypertrophy of the tongue * * *.
* * and Portal refer to the presence of hair on the tongue, and later there was an account of a medical student * * * and a * * in the mouth. * a considerable growth of hair was found on * of the tongue. * * would be detached * * * * again, and when he was * * they were * *. * * * * in formation.
The ordinary anomalies of the palate are the *, *, *, *, *: they are * * *. The median * * * * * is quite rare.
* * forms of * * * * are employed to * congenital defects. * * a case in * of the entire * * * * * *. In some instances among the lower * * are simple pieces of wood, * * as to fit * * *, and not infrequently the * * *, * obstruction of the * * * *.
* of the * * * * are found in the older *, * * * of a man who was * * *. * * * * * * * as to be * *. *, *, * * *, *, *, *, * * * * * * and double *, * * quite common. * * instances of congenital absence * *.
Anomalies of the * * a man without an * * * * * * *. * * * were so * developed that they * * of the missing *. * * * * * of the epiglottis * interference with * * of a case of * *. * * instance of congenital * of the vocal * * a congenital * * * * * vocal cords until the age of *, * * *. * * * a case of congenital web in *. * * * * occlusion of the * by a membrane.
Instances of duplication of the epiglottis * with a species of * * * * *. * * * * *, * * * * * *, * * of an extra * when he was *. * * * * * * run the scale from A to * in an * lower range. * * of the low * * * * * could not reach the high * of any * with it, and * * * used it to break in on the * and produce *. He was * to possess a double *. * * describes a young * who could * at will with the lower part of her * and without the aid of her * * showed that the fundamental * * * * of the edges of the vocal cords, and * * effected by a minute * * * *, * * * * * * cord, and * * * * the ventricle and * * * preventing the * of the cords * * middle third. * in the same * * * * a boy of nineteen, * seemed to be affected with *, and who * * *. He was * * * * * * * *. The treatment * to the * and consequent * of the *, and he * * * * * * *. * *} The following is a description of the * formation of a * who has recently * * by her ability to * * of the highest * * * the greatest * * *. It is extracted from *, *, *: "She has unusual development of *, * * her to throw * * * * degrees of * the entire length of the * or only a part *. But of greatest interest is * control over the muscles which regulate the * modification of the * *, * *, oral, and nasal, and * * * the quality * *. * * * *, and the two * * *. The epiglottis during the * the highest * * upward and * * * * wall in such a way * almost entirely * * * *, at the same time that it * * * to those * *.
Complete absence of the eyes is a very rare *. * * * of seven weeks, * well formed *, * * congenital absence of both eyes. * * * * * in every * *. There are some * * * *, * eyelids and * *. * * a case of congenital absence of both * * * * * and perfect. The child * * *. * * * a case very similar in a * * * *. In a * * *, * * * * deficiency of the external walls of each *, * * * deformity of the side of the head. * * * instance of congenital paralysis of the * muscles in a child * * * perfect and who * *. * * * a case of * *, in which the right eye * * * and was no longer covered by the cornea. * * * of a child * * *. The delivery *, and there was no history of any * *; * * otherwise healthy and well formed.
* * the case of an infant in which both eyes were absent. There were * * on each hand and six * * *. The child lived a few weeks. In some instances of * of the eyeball the eye is present but * * * * portion of the orbit. There are instances of * orbit with no eyes and also a single * * *. Again we may have two * with an absence of * * presence of the lacrimal glands, or the eyes may be * * * *. * * cases in * * was more or less * * and a mass * tissue in each *.
Cases of living *, * individuals with one eye in the center of the * after the manner of the * * quite rare. * * * a case of a * * * * * * *. * * * of the upper lip, * *, *, * absence of the olfactory * The fetus * * * *, * *. * * * * * * * six or seven *, * * eye and an extremely small mouth.
* * * * *" was a * * * of whom * * information is *. * * * *. *, who is * * * *.
* * * *, such a * *, such a * * * of nature I have never seen. It was a * * *' * * * * * placed in *, * * the other and all four of a * *, * * * * * *' * vision in each organ * * *. * * * any particular *, the other * open, or, indeed, as many as * *, * * * to be controlled by his will * * * * *. * could also * * * separately in *, * * with one and * with another, * one and * with another *' He was * *, * *, * * * *, *, * * *, * * * words, and * * like the *, * physical, that he was. * could play the *, * * * *, * * * on the left side, * * * pair of *. * * *, but in a *, * not to be * * * *.
There is a recent report of a child born in * with its * in the top of its head. The infant seemed to be doing * * of people have * to see it. Recent reports * * * born in *, *, * had a median * between two * *. * describes an infant * * * *, but with * eyelids and * *. * * seen the * adherent to *, and by * has given * to the subject.
* * * instance of * *. At the external * of the eyelid was a * of conjunctiva * * 0.5
cm. in front of the conjunctiva, to which it did not * constituting a fourth *. * presents a * in a child of four months, in whom no other *, * organs or of *, was observed. On the right side, in * the external half of the sclerotic, was observed * * with the * *, and which * * * the lower lid * *. When the eyelid * * * * with the globe, * * * so far as * of the cornea and did not interfere with *.
Total absence of both * has been seen in a man * *. * * a case of total * with excellent * * * * *. * * Hospital there was seen a case * congenital absence of the iris. * * * * with congenital absence of the iris who had * * of whom * the same * while the others *. *, *, *, *, *, *, and others * * * deficiency of * in both eyes.
* describes a female of *, living in *, who was affected with complete ossification of the iris. It was * * * * * through the * *; * was only slightly *. No cause * *.
* * than one * in the eye has often been *, and as many as * have been seen. They may * or due to some * * * * * * of two * in one *. *, * * are among the older * * * * *. * * described a * * * * perforated by four * *, * the inner *, * below, and a fourth to the outer *. * three were *; the fourth was the largest and * * as of the separation of the iris * *. There were * * in the left eye, both to * side of the iris, * * * and the * the fourth * in the right eye. * * * at the periphery, * *, and were * sizes. The fundus could be clearly * through all * *, and there was no * * * * changes. There was a rather high degree of *. * * * congenital, and no traces of a * * * of a past * could be found. * * * * an extensive article on and * of congenital anomalies of the iris.
* * * are sometimes seen. * * * have seen this * and there are * * *. * presented to the Medical Society of * * of one *, all of whom * * * * * * * and upward. The family * * * * *, * *, * * *, * * * of ten * * of five and * * * *.
* * a case of congenital dislocation of both crystalline *. * * * * through the * the anterior *. The condition * * * *, * * *.
Differences in Color of the Two * is not uncommon to see people with different * *. * * * * * and the other *, * * * * his name * which this * of the * * * *. * * have been seen in an *. * gives a * of such a case.
* varieties of * are so common that they will be passed without mention. * * * * analysis of
73 cases of congenital defects of the * of the * clinically and *. Some or all of * may be absent or two or more may be *, * * *, *, double, or *, *.
The influence of heredity in the causation of congenital defects of the eye is * illustrated by De *. * * * members of one * * * * * *. * * * operations for the cure * in two *. The operations * * * in all four eyes and followed by *. * * * in one * of each patient, the eye most recently * had a case of * in the * region in a * had a * *. * * the defects *, as the * * * had a *.
* * cases of congenital * in three * of one family. The * of two of them (a boy * *) * smaller than natural, and in the boy in addition * by the action of the * muscles and were *; * * * vascular and the cornea, *, * *, thin, and *; * * were not in the axis *, * were to the nasal side. The * * had the * *, but to a lesser *. The other * * * had a total absence of *, but he * * * with the left eye.
Anomalies of the * absence of the external * is quite rare, although there is a species of *, * *, called the *" in which this * * *, *, *, *, * * * * * * *. *, * * * of the * *, was born * * *. * * obliteration of the * * in the *. * * a case * * of the left auditory canal * * * membrane with total * in that *. * * * showing absence of the external auditory * both sides. * * a case of congenital absence of * auditory meatus of the right ear; and * * * malformation of the external auditory * * right side. There is an instance of absence of the * * * partial loss of *. * * * * * deficient or absent * *. * was that in which there was congenital absence of * auditory meatus of both ears * * * *. * * * * *. *. *, * *, *, reported in was there a * of an opening * in the external ear, and not even an *. * * * *. * * of the face and * capable of receiving * * * * them to the organs of *. The authors know of * of a prominent * * * who is * in external *, * * * is acute. * * * * * * * long and * * * *.
The knowledge of anomalous * is lost in *. * represents the head of an * in the * * * * *. As a rule, * * * *. *, in a report of * * *, * * *, * * * *, represented by * * * in front of the *. They are * *, * congenital, and can be *, giving rise to no * *. They have a * * consistency, and are usually composed of a hyaline * * axis covered with connective * * and skin * * *; sometimes both * * are absent. They are often associated with some form * *, * *, * *, *. * * * vary from * * in number and are sometimes *. * a man having a * * on the right * * *, * * * * * * *. * represents a * with a * in the neck, described in the *, A little * * * * * * more than * * *, * * * * * * *" * * * * * at the sides of the * lower than the angle of the jaw, which were * as to their * contour and made up *. There is * the case of a boy * * on the left side of * *, over the middle * of the * *, was a * * in length; * * of cartilage * * it from a thin *, which was * * * * tissue, forming a striking * to an * * * instance of a * who was * * * of a boy * * * in the neck, and * birth to a child with two * ears and three * on the right side, and on the left side * *.
In some people there is an excessive development of the * *, * them to move their * in a manner * * of the lower animals. Of the * instances the * *, * *, * * * *" that the * * * * * * * * * * *.
* * membrane is * * * *. There is sometimes * perforation of the * in an * *, * * * some people can * from the ear. * * seen several * * who could perform this *, * * * * * * a whole * without losing * *, * * * * either by his *, * *, or in both *. * the same * * that he has seen a woman with * * * *.
Strange to say, there have been reports of cases in which the ossicles * * without causing * * *. * * a case with the * * *, * * * * * instances of *. * * reported a case of * *, the nature of which was unknown, although * neither an inflammatory * nor a remnant of *.
Absence of the * * * * * are either the subjects of * * or of *. Probably the most * of this class was *, * known as *" who died in * * * * at the age of * of a chronic *. He had no *, *, * *, but from very * on each * * * *. * * * a flattened * * * feet attached. * * before the public and was * * * * * nearly all the necessary *, * in all his *, and was credited with * * *. He was * *, * able to * * *. * * is preserved in the *. * * of a woman who three times * * * arms and legs. * describes a living * without any traces of arms * *. * * seen a * * * * lower extremities. In place of them * * three or four * *, closely resembling * * * *. The head, *, body, and * * well formed, and the child *. * the history of a child * * *, * result of * *. * * * * * * * and just below the groin. * * * * * a man * *, * by means of his head and * * * * * hold an *. * * by means of his * * * cards, and * * with the same * * * * * * * * * * *. He was proved to be a * and a * * * * * *. * * * * seen a * * * *, *, and did * * * *. * * of a man * *, * * *, * * * * as well as most people use their *. * * * descriptions of * *.
* describes a child of four * upper limbs were absent, a small * * being in their *. He had * * * * in every direction. and could * * * * and his * process; the * power of * * well developed, as * * * up a * * *. A monster of the same * was the *, *, who was born at * on the 10th * *. He was * deprived of arms, but the rest of * * well formed with the exception of the feet, of which * * * *. * deformity of the feet, *, * * result, as the space between the great toe * * * much larger than * and the * * *. He became * * in his * * * * * a picture * * in height * * at the feet * * after the * * * by the Government * given to the * *. * * * *, who was deprived of * and had only one *. * * * * * * *, *, * * *, *; he was * * * able to pick up a * on a * * * * *. * described to the * * * a young man * *, who was * play a * * * with his *. He was able to take * from his * and to * * *; * * * *, * it, and put it in his *, * *, * a glass, * * with a fork by the aid of his *. There was a * * some time since in * * * *, who was called the * * * * deprived of all his *. * * *, * * * *, with congenital absence of * *. A slight * * * * * of the humerus * * of the left side, * the age of ten there was one on the right side. * * * with her *. * * of a * *, * * one, and * describes a boy * with his upper limbs entirely absent. * * * * * * with only portions of the upper arms and * lower extremities and pelvis. * says that he * * * at the * of St. * * *, a boy * *, * of a small * * *, who had no legs and * * * represented by a * * * * *; he had but two * * on his * hand, and * * * * * * * *. * * * to a * in the quantity of *.
The figure * * * * *, * * *" is in the * of the * * * *. The pelvis * *, * * * to be recognized, * * * and foot *; the left * * *, * far from being in due proportion to the *. He was one of the most remarkable * of his *, * * distortion of his * * * * * * in them. As an *, * * *, he was scarcely *. * * and even * well, and his power of *, * with his * * with his *, * *. * * * were so *, *, * * the floor with his *, but he * * as much with his * as with his upper limbs. * * * left lower *, between the hip * * *, while the right, between the same * * *. * * a boy of five and a * head and trunk were the same as in any other * * *. He was * *, had no * *, * * devoid of lower extremities. The right * * * long and the left * contained the head and * * portion of the humerus. The legs * * masses of cellular tissue and fat covered by skin * about an *. He was *, had a good * * * *. * seemed to have had * * * * power of * of the lower *. * on his * he was unable to rise *, * * * lower part of the pelvis he was able to maintain *. * * picked up * with his teeth, and * * * in the axilla * * * from place to place. * was accomplished by a peculiar twisting of the thorax * of the pelvis. There was no history of * during pregnancy, * injury, and no * * * *. * represents a * * deficiency of the lower extremities. * * a few years ago * *. * * * a similar case in a * * * * * * * * of the * * *, * see how * the congenital defect may be * * *. With her * * * * * * said to have moved * *.
* describes a *" as an *, * entering the class of * * * *; * * * * * * formation of *. The hands and feet * normally developed, * *, forearms, and legs are much *.
* *" * * * so called because her mother when * * * by a *, and also from * * resemblance to a *. The femur * * *, * * had a foot of six *, * * *, * first and second * of the first and second *. * * *, capsule, and ligamentum teres, but no * *; * * had a defective * *. * * * * * * * * disease, but died of syphilis in * Hospital. In her * * * was delivered * * * free of *.
There was a woman living in *, under the observation of *, who had congenital absence of both * and both * all the muscles of the thigh *, and the * to the pelvis * by a large * * gives the * of a woman in whom there was * diminution in the size of the *. * * * man with almost complete absence of the thigh * *, * * * * * a foot. * * * * *, * without a *, *, * * * * side. The external * * * in their *, but there was only one * in the scrotum. * * *. The rectum instead of * * * * * to the right.
* * * * cases of * *. * * of an infant with * * leg, and * * a similar * presented to the * * * in
1830 a child with four legs and feet who was in * * * * * with a large * attached to her *. * * was a single * made by the fusion of two *. * was found and the knee * *. One of the feet * * * * * *, while the other, * * * *, had two * * *.
According to * *, the child * * * was born with a * ending in two legs and two * * * the left *.
* describes a * born in the * * in New *, * who had a third * * from a * * * attached to the dorsal *. * * * well formed and had a * * attached to it. * * * the removal of a * and a * from an infant of four months. * * * * only, one of which did not have a * *.
* says that on the day the * and the * * * a monster was born in * * * * legs of *, * * had two * * * * of the normal *. * * * and was *.
Anomalies of the * * seen a woman who * a child that had three *. * gives a description of a female * the left * double or *. There was only one *, * anterior portion consisted of an anterior and a *. The anterior * * a great toe * * *, * * like an example of * * with the outer edge of the anterior part and * it was a * *, * not unlike * *, * * * * * * * * *. * * * were all perfect and none of * *.
There is a class of * * *" * account of their resemblance to the * * * * of that * the influence of compression * in the uterus * early period of gestation fusion of the inferior * *. The accompanying * shows the * * *, which are thought to resemble * * * *.
Anomalies of the * * of an * *, * * * * *, * * presented by * with infants of both sexes showing the same * * * instance of a woman * *, *, *, and the mother of normal children, who had * hand. The left * * *, * * of the *, and the forearm * in a double hand with * *. * * as a * * * * * of the * *. The double * * * * the maximum * was not so great as that of the *. * * * acute in all three of the hands. * and ring * of the * * * * * as the proximal joints, and the * of this * * * *. No single * of the two * * * while the other * * *. * * * * with somewhat the same *, but in which * of the muscles and * permitted the *.
Absence of * describes a woman * * * instead of having a hand on each arm had only one *, * * * but two *. * was delivered of two * * and one in each having exactly the *. Her mother was * formed, but the father * * * on his * and one * on his * *.
* * photographs of * a remarkable case of suppression and deformity of the digits of both the fingers *.
* shows a man who was * * * *. He had but two * on each hand and two * * *, * * * case in the anomalous *.
* represents an * with congenital suppression of four digits on each *.
* * seen a boy of three in whom the first, second, and third * of each * * *, the great toe * * * * * * that they could be *. * * for four * * out of * defect of the lower extremity. The * * * * * exactly the same *, which has been * *.
* * * * of an infant who was born * * * *; at the * there was a single * by a thin string of tissue. This was the sixth * * * no other *. * * * * * * * * * *.
According to *, * * may be classified as *.
A deficient *, loosely attached by a narrow * to the hand * * (or to another *.
A more or less developed *, free at its extremity, and * with the head or sides of a *, * * *.
A fully developed * *.
A digit * * along its * length with another *, and having either an additional * * * of its own, * * with the head of one * * to it and another *.
* relative to * * have long been prevalent. In the days of the ancient * it was for * * * * * * relative to * * *. Among the * we also * * * * * in an individual with *, * * * hands, on each arm.
*, in his comments on a *, * * which was * * *, * * *, * * *.
* * figure is copied from * * * *' published in * * * states that the body was that of an infant * in the * * * It was * * * *. A detailed description of the skeleton * * reason for now * the plate is that it * * * of evidence in reference to the development * *. * we must not place too much * the accuracy of the *, * he has * * lumbar vertebrae, yet there can be no doubt that * are much * short for the trunk and head. * * applies to the lower limbs and pelvis. * * like those of the * * and of the skeleton * * * * * described in a recent number of *' The point of extreme interest in the present * * * * of the * is associated with * the hands * * *. The right foot * * * * *. The conditions are not exactly *, * some instances a * * * bone is *; * put it *, two are * *. It will be * the upper extremities are so * that the tips of * will only * * the iliac *.
* occurrence of short * * * seems to prove conclusively that the condition may be due to a * * of a totally different nature from *. * * that the infant was not at full term. Among the * the author has * in his * are that * * * its usual size; that the * * *; that the two halves of the lower * * *; and that the ribs * short and * *. *, of course, * attention to the * of the * * of the long bones, and the * *. * * statement that the skeleton * deposited in any * it is very possible that it is still in existence *, and if so it is very * that it should be * *.
* * * * division of thumb * *, shows a typical case of * fingers, and C * case of duplication of several *.
* gives a * of a hand with * fingers and a foot * * *. * * * instance of * * * * * on each *. * * an infant * * * * * * * *, * * *. * relates the history of a woman who had * and two * on each hand, and another who had * on one *.
* * of a case in which a man * fingers and *, * well formed, and * children and * * *. * * * * * on the left *. * * the account of a child who had * * * on each *, * *. * * * in a child of a few months who had * *. There is * record a collection of cases of * * to ten * * hand and from * to ten * on each *. * * illustration of a female *, * * * * * on each *, * * * * *. On each * there was a double * and five *, some of which were *.
The influence of heredity on this * is well *. * was one of the first to prove this, as shown by * family of *, and there have been * * *; it is shown to last for three, four, and * *; * with normal persons * *.
It is particularly in places * * * * * * * * persist in a family. * * * in the * * * living in * * numerous and confine their * to their *. * * digits, and infants born with the normal * * as being the offspring of *. * * * * * * * *, at the end of the last * nearly all * * either on the hands or * * in an * * * *, * for many years * and thus * * * * *, * * * * * * * *. * * the history of * living in * * * * * * *. One of them * * with a normal * to acknowledge *. There is an instance in the * * in which * * * * * *. * * of two children in the * who were *, though not having the same * * *.
* * * report the case of a boy * * both of * * * * of the middle and ring * * nodules of bone between the *, and six * * *. * * * * * *, * * * out of * * * * females and males. The * * * in the female line.
lastword Instances of * * are cited * *, *, *, as well as in numerous * * * is not confined to man *; *, *, * * * * *. *, * * * *, and the * * * * said to have *.
Hypertrophy of the digits is the result of many different processes, and true hypertrophy or * * * * *, *, *, * *, for which * the reader is * an article by *. * * calls attention to * * * *, particularly of the * *, and another condition of congenital *, * * * or before birth there is a *, * *, overgrowth of * * or two, * of a limited portion of a hand * *, * of a part of one of the *. The best * * kind of specimens is in the * * * * *.
* * a most * instance of hypertrophy of the fingers in a * *. The middle and ring * * * * were of * size, the middle * * * in length * * * *. On the * the thumb and middle fingers * hypertrophied and * * * as long as the middle one of the right *. * * had a lateral * *, due to * of the * *. * * *. * * * *, one in a *, * * *, in the * Islands, in 1850,
who had an extraordinary * *, which he * * it in the breast of his *.
* * * photograph showing the absence of the radius and *, * shortening of the forearm. * * * * * had occurred in several members of * family. In some they were associated with * * in the lower extremities *.
* varieties of * *, *, *, *, * * well known that they will be * * only of a few persons who have been noted for * despite their *. *, *, *, * are among the * who were *; * * * * * in a slight degree from this *, *, * *, * * *, * * of the *, * *, * * *, * *, * *, * * * victims of deformed *. *, * * * * *, * * to have * * *. * * * * * * * * quite common in all classes.
* of the character of the vertebrae are sometimes seen. In man the lumbar vertebrae * * * * of the sacral *, the sacral * * aspect of lumbar vertebrae, etc. It is * to see the first * * * * of the dorsal.
* anomalies of the vertebrae are quite common, * in the lumbar and dorsal *, * quite rare in *, although there have been instances of six or * *. In the lower animals the vertebrae * into a *, which, however, is sometimes * * * * *. It has * in the class of * * * * * * * their appearance that the tail * * *. * * * this fact.
* * prolongation of the * * takes the shape of a * extremity in man. * and others * * * and the * represent the normal tail of man, * are not infrequent in which there has been a * * * appended to the coccygeal *. * * * are old and widespread, and * * * * * in almost every country. There was at one time * * that all * * *, and certain men of * said to have been * * * * * * * * * * *. *, * * * * in the * *, describes a * * * * for execution who had a * more than a foot * * covered with red * like that of a cow.
* * * of Central * * reported to have * smooth and hairy and from two to ten * *. * * * that both men and women of this * *. *, * * *, * he is called, in * * * said that there were some people in * * *, but whether they were * * * not be known, as the people could not be * * * * which have been described * * * are really * examples of people * * * about the *, such as * *. A certain * *, * Brown, in * of a formal * of a * * * *, * * of New *. * * * * at once, * would be exposed to public *. * * * * * * * with hereditary * * *. * * * * * * *, and are * of their * *. * * * * * * in the * * * * in their * made for the * of the *. * * in the * the presence of * was taken as a sign * *.
There was reported from * the discovery of a * * * * * who were provided with *. * * * * this manner: One day a number of * * * * * engaged in cutting * * * attacked by some * *. * * * * but only succeeded in * a boy * *. * taken to the house * * * * * * was there discovered to have a * * * *. * the boy stated that he had a brother who had a * long as his own, and that all the * * *.
*, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * descriptions of *. * * * * * * * * in length: and there is a description in
1690 of a man by the name of * *, * * of a doctor * who had a * half a * *, * * * from the * and was coiled on the *, * *. * describes a * of skin * * * * from the tip of the * to the length of *. It was removed and was found to be thicker than *, consisted of * * * * *. * * * * clinic a * * * * * * about ten *. * says that in * in the delivery of a young * who had a * of a * prolonged and covered with skin, and in
1884 he saw the same *, at this time the tail * * *.
* * for examination a * * * * * from a boy * * *. *, * * * * *, describes a * * * who had *, * *, * only at the tip, * * * * * *. * * * that other * been observed in *. * * * * 1820
described the tail of a * * * * * *. * * * account of a * * * of a fatty * extremity, the only one * * *.
Before the * * * there were * * adult male *, * good health and *, who had * from New *; * * * * *. * * * in the * *, *, says that he * * * * photograph of a boy * * *. * * Boy" was a * * *, * * * * *, with a * a foot * which was simply * * *. * * of a * * * who had * of the *, forming a * * * * under the skin. * at the * * * * * *, and the * * * * the skin was broken, the blood * * * *.
* presents a very * article in which he * * born with *, most of the * * * *. * * of a person with a * * * to a * article on human *. * * contains a description of a * * * * *, * * *, with a pedunculated * * *, with a * * * *. * * in shape * * tail and had * * *. * * * signs of cartilage or bone, and had * from a point * to the left of the median * * * * above the end of the spinal column.
* * reported the birth of a child with a *. It was a * * * and six * *. * * * covered with the skin on both the * * *. * * formed a tail of the size of * of the * *, with a length of nearly * * inner surface and * on the * *. * * could be raised from the body and it * * *.
In addition to the familiar * projection of the human fetus, * * a group of other * remains of a * of things. * * *.
* * * as a * of the * membrane of certain *.
* * ear, or the * tip of the ears of many *.
* * *, such as those that move the ear, that are well developed in certain people, or that * * * the action of a * * * * * *.
* * * of the humerus.
The vermiform appendix.
The location and direction of the hair on the trunk and limbs.
* * *.
The feet of the fetus * * *, as in the *, * * in the early months of life, * * * and a distinct projection of the great toe * * from the side of the foot.
The remarkable * power of the hand at birth and for a few weeks *, that permits * * to suspend * * on a * for a period varying from half a minute * *.
* * to these * * a pathologic *. * * that they may be productive of fistula in *, *, * *, * * *, and that they * and set up * and other *. * * * * has given rise to * * * * of the * *. By some it is considered * to the lower species, while * * this and * to be simply a pathologic *.
Anomalies of the Spinal Canal and * there is a * in the spinal column, * * * conformation is * *. This is of two classes: first, a simple * * vertebral canal, and, second, a large * * * * * of spinal membranes and substance. * 130
represents a large * * *.
* * of partial duplication of the central canal of the spinal cord. * * * * * case of * * * segment of the spinal cord. * * * of a portion of the spinal cord.
* records a case of *, or absence of the spinal cord, in a fetus with * cerebri and complete * of the *. * * * * * * * * of spinal marrow; and * * records the birth of * *. * In some * there are * * of the spine. The first of these * is called *, in which * * *; *, *, in which the * *; *, *, in which it is lateral, to * or left.
* is the most common of the deviations in man and is most often found in the dorsal *, although it may be in * *. * * is very rare in man, * seen in *, and when it does * * * * * * * *. We sometimes * * of anterior * of the lumbar and sacral * might be taken for a congenital *, but this * * * * after birth by the physiologic * the body. * represents a case of * * * of the spinal *.
Analogous to this is what the * * *. * may be a *, *, * *, and the * of the vertebral column may be to * or left. The pathologists divide * into a *, in which the * is a physiologic * * *; * *, * associated with * * * is generally accountable for *. In some cases the diameter of the chest * * an almost * *, but may * be compatible *. * * of an extraordinary deformity of the * * * of the spine, in which the diameter * * of the stomach to the spinal * was only *.
* ribs are not at all uncommon in man, nearly every medical * having some examples. * ribs are not * describes a young man * * in whom there was * * * * attached to the cervical * * * instance in which * * * and sensory *. * * * * * * * days which had an * development of the *, *, * * *. Cases of * ribs are occasionally * * * * account of a person in whom one side * * was at rest while the other performed the * * in the usual *.
In some cases we see * of the sternum, * either by deficient union or absence of one of its constituent parts. * * * cases these * permit the exit * *, and as a general rule * of the heart are *. * has given a most remarkable case of * * a young man * *, a native * *. * * in one medical clinic * * all over *, * * viewed with the greatest interest. In the median * to the absence of sternum, was a * * on either side by a continuous * * * with the * *. The skin * * the chest from one side to another, but was raised * * of the groove by a * * * * * of the right *. The clavicle and the two * the sternum had no * *, * below the * a hard * corresponding to the * *, *, was very elastic, and allowed the patient, * influence of the * *, when the upper * fixed, to open the groove to nearly the extent of *, which was more than * its natural *. * * * * made the ends of his * * * *, the right lung * * from the * the groove and * a considerable * * * into the neck. Between the * * * was easily * * * *, which was * * of the aorta, as by putting the fingers * it one * * * *, * * distention and recoil of * * * * * of the * *.
* * *. * * * * * with congenital absence of * structure in the middle line of *, leaving a * * * *, * * * *. * * * * * on record. * case was in a person * * * * had the vertical length of four *. * *. * * a case in which there was * * * through the *. * * the occurrence of * * * * in an * * * * * the case of * in an adult * * *. * * * *. * * * * * * * the base of the *, *, * * * * * * * *.
* has collected cases of thoracic defects and * * paper by saying that the * * * * hair in the mammary and axillary *, * * over the muscles, *, * *, * * * *, * * * and anterior * *, the hand and *; * * * that there may be * of the lung, * *, but probably due to * of the arm against the chest. * * gives a * in which the * and chest * * *. * * * instance in which a firm, * * * * * * * * * * to the left upper corner of the sternum, * * from the jaw.
* * knowledge of * is essential to understand the formation of * fissures, and we * * to any of the standard works on * * *. * was one of the first to recognize * * * of the neck. * * * * lateral and * fissures. In a * * * the exploration of a lateral * produced by the introduction of the sound * *, such as pallor of the face and irregular, * of the heart. The * of the lateral class is * *, which has been observed by *, *, *, *, * *.
The median * * of the neck are probably caused by defective * of the branchial *, * * * * * in these * * * persistence of * * * * normally in the *. * less frequent than the preceding *.
The most typical form of malformation of the esophagus is * or obliteration. * * * * * * a child * * on the third day * * it was found that the inferior * * * to the extent of about two * was converted into * *. * describes a case of * of the esophagus * * in a * * * * below the inferior portion of the * * from this point to the stomach * * * *; * * * *. The child * * to take * breast with *, * after a little * * *, * *, * * most of the * * *, in this way * * at each *; * * * third day.
In some cases the esophagus is divided, * * * into the bronchial or other * *. * * * * * days after birth * * * * * *, * terminating in a *, * * into the bronchi; the left kidney * * *. * describes an anomalous case of * * *. *, and subsequently * *, * * of the esophagus resembling the crop of a *.
Anomalies of the * describes a * * * weeks in * * * found a very * * * * *. These organs were simply represented by two * * having no *, with the color of the tissue of *. The heart had only one * but all the other * * *. This case seems to be unique. * the case of a woman * * who died of * whom the left lung * * *. * traces of a * *. The subject was very * *. * * * other cases in *, * of which the left lung * *. * * * * of the absence of the left lung.
* * lobes are occasionally seen in man and are taken by some authorities to be examples of * tending to prove that the derivation of the human * from the * * * * *. * * * instance of * * * right lung in close connection with the * * * * a similar *. * * * * * of four * in the right lung. * * * a description of a lung with * *.
Anomalies of the * is said to have * a human subject in whom the diaphragm * * * *, but such cases must be very * * * * * deficiency of this * * * instance of absence of the right half of * in an infant born at term. * * * of the muscular fibers of the left half of * * displacement of the stomach. The patient * * *. *, *, *, * * * * instances of congenital deficiency of part * *. * * * * defect in * of an infant * * soon after birth. The * intestines, and part of the large * * in the * *; both the * * * *. * * * diaphragmatic hernia have been observed. In such * * may be large enough to allow a great part of * * to pass into the thorax, * interfering with * * circulation by * * *. * * a fatal * * * with symptoms of pneumothorax. The *, omentum, and transverse colon were found lying in * *. * * * perforation of the * * of the *. The most * * * * * contributed by *, *, * * * in the * * *, gives a * of all the cases of this * * recorded in * of medical * between the years * * * of an instance of congenital * * * nearly all the small intestines and * * * passed into the right side of the thorax. * * * in which three years after the cure of * * * * * *. * * * * of the stomach in a man * *, * * * * *, * * *. At the postmortem there was found a defect in * on the left side, * herniation of the * * part of the duodenum into the left pleural * was no history of * to account for * * * instance of inversion of the diaphragm * * *. * * * of the * liver; and similar cases are * * * * * *. * * * junction with *.
Anomalies of the * * contains the account of a * in which the stomach was found *, * * of two instances of * *. *, *, *, *, * * * examples of *. * * of a case of * which was caused by * *. * * * cases in which there * cavities to the stomach. * * * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * instances in which there was * * middle of the stomach, accounting for their * * *. * * * instance of * of the stomach. * * the stomach of a * * * * the stomach of a * *, * of tendon on its surface. The right * * * * * in a * * as large * * end of the stomach. The duodenum * * * marking the lesser * of the organ * * * * and the right *. * * * * in which the stomach of an infant * in a *.
* of the stomach is not uncommon, especially in * * * *. There are many cases *, * * * * * * * *. * * a case of congenital * * * into the left portion of the thoracic cavity. * * with fat and * the whole * half of the *. The spleen, pancreas, and transverse colon * * to the diaphragm. * was caused by a * * at the cardiac curvature the size of *.
Anomalies of the * * contains the account of an example of * cecum, and * * * * colon, and there are other cases of duplication of * *. There is an instance of * of the * the liver, and * * this case. *, *, and others speak of congenital division of * *. * occlusion is quite *.
Dilatation of the colon frequently occurs as a transient *, and by its action in * up the diaphragm * * interfere with the action of the heart and lungs as * * *. * * * * of this *. According to * there is a * * dilatation of the colon in which the gut may reach * size. The * may be * without evidence * * * change in the mucosa. The most * has been reported by *. The patient, known as *" * * at the time of his death, * * distended abdomen from infancy. * the colon * as large as that of an *, the circumference ranging from
15 to *. The weight of the contents * *. * not uncommon in children. * * * * * * *. * * a case in which the * * by dilatation of the * *. * * cases of congenital dilatation and hypertrophy of the * *. *, *, *, * * * * * instances, and in all * the clinical features * * * * *.
* * in which the anus * * or the rectum ends in a blind pouch are occasionally seen. In * the rectum is entirely absent, the colon * * of the intestinal tract. There are cases on record * the rectum * with the anus * * * *. * * is the * of the anus, in which the rectum terminates in * of the sacral cavity. The rectum may be deficient * * third of the *, and in this position is * * *.
* * * of the bowel with the bladder or urethra is sometimes present, and in these cases the feces * * * * *. * * the fusion of the * colon with the bladder, and similar * * * * * *. * * describes an infant with * * * * * * * * * * for three months. After * of the membrane, * * through the natural * and the child * * a somewhat similar case in a little * * *, and other * * have been reported. * * terminate in the vagina. * * seen a child * * days in whom the * * of the * in the fundus of the bladder. * * * * which there was communication between the rectum and *. * * * represents the rectum; b the bladder; * point of communication; * shows the cellular tissue of *.
There is a description of a * * *, * * * * *, who had * * * * *. There was a * * * over the genital * *. * * *, but every * * * pain in the umbilicus and much * * by severe * * * *; * * ceased and * * * mouth with * * * until the following third day. Some of the * * by the *. * * * * * * * after puberty to note the disposition of the *, but no further observation of her case can be found.
* * that he was called by three *, who had been trying to deliver a woman * * *. * * * * * * * * *, * * had not had a passage of the * * * *, * * * *. The student who was directed to give * found to his surprise that there was no *, * * * * in the vagina * * * * * of the rectum, which was full of *. There was an * * * * about the size of an * * * * by a * * through the * a great number of * * * * * the water, and * was soon *. * * * that she * * aware of *, * * * to disclose * before. There was * of this case found by * in a child of a * *.
* * a rare form of imperforate anus, with malposition of the left ureter, obliteration of the ostia of both * * * of a confluent *. There was * * into the bladder, * allowed the passage * through the urethra. * * the case of what * * *" in which there was an imperforate anus * * *; the ureters * upon a tumor the size of * extending from the umbilicus to the *. * * confirmed the diagnosis of * *.
* * *, *, * *, *, *, and others speak of deficient or absent *. * says that he * found a mass of * in place of *. * * * * describing a * * an adult who had died of *, in whom the liver * * * *. The portal vein * into the vena cava; this case is probably *, * * * could be found.
* * * instance of * lobe in the liver. * * describes a * liver. Sometimes * *, * * *, caused by transposition of * of the liver. * * such a * * * * * of the liver which he * * * * * * on the *. * * of the liver as well as what is * * liver are not uncommon. * operation for * will be * of later.
* * a case of congenital obliteration of the ductus * * in a male * * * at the age * and a half *. * appeared on the eighth * * through the short life. The hepatic and cystic * * and the hepatic duct *. There were * * cirrhosis and in addition an inguinal hernia
* * * the case of a man * *, in whom * could find no *; * * seen a * in a men of *. * describes a *.
The spleen has been found deficient or * * *, *, and others, but more frequently it is seen *. *, and others have found two * in one * * * * *; * * * * * *; * * * *, * as large as * *; *, *, and others have * * *. There is a possibility that in some of * of multiple * reported the organ is really * * into several *. * * a case shown at * of the * * Society of a very large number * found in the *, *, on the * * *, * *' *, *. There was * "the size of a *" in the usual *, * * artery and vein in their normal *. Every one * * had a capsule, * covered by *, * the histologic appearance of splenic *. * the review of this *, * explains the case * that other parts of the * *, * * * *, are capable of forming * * * a case of * spleen and kidneys. * a case of * * causing death from * * placed in the * position in * * of the thigh. * * * instance of *. * * * have seen the spleen * on the right side and the liver on the left; * * * others have * * * *.
* * * seen the pancreas * * * of a double pancreatic duct that he found in a man who died *; * * of a case similar to this *.
There are several cases of complete transposition of the viscera on record. * * * * * * first in
1650 by *, but the most * case was that of * * * described the * later which was * of the following *.
* *, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * * * * * *.
* * an example in a woman * * who died * *, *. * was found * in bed, and in * *, ordered to discover if possible the * *, there was * * transposition of the * * * with its base toward the left, its apex toward *, reaching the lower border of the 4th *, under the *. * vena cava * on the left side and passed into * cavity of the heart, which was also on the left * aorta and systemic * being on the right. * * * * lying on the superior vena cava, the liver * * ribs, and the spleen on the right side * *. The esophagus * on the right of the aorta, and * of the two ends of the stomach * reversed; the * * on the right side. * describes a similar * a man.
* * transposition of * in a man * *. * * a case of transposition of * * man who was * in a *. The liver was to the left * spleen and heart to the right *. *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * are among others * instances of transposition * of the viscera.
* * * * is the result of some congenital deficiency in the abdominal wall; * * *, and some patients live as long as do cases of * *. * * of entire * of development of * *. *, *, *, *, *, *, *, and many others * * * from parietal *. The different forms of * * considered in another *.
* seem to be no * cases of complete absence of the kidney except in the lowest grades of *. *, *, *, *, *, *, * * are among the older * who have * * of one *. In a recent paper * has collected
213 cases, from which the following * has been made by * * *.
* * *, * has collected as far as possible all the * cases of congenital absence * *. * cases of * kidney and of * of one *, * * cases of complete absence * *, upon which he bases the following *: * occurs almost twice as often in males as in females, *, however, which may be partly accounted for by the * * * * *. As to age, occurred in * * * *, * having some other congenital * imperforate anus; the rest * * * up to * years of age, after which only * *. * all cases together, the deficiency is * on the left than on the right side; but while in males * kidney is far more commonly absent than the right, * the two sides show the defect *. The renal * * absent, as also the ureter, on the abnormal * latter in all * cases); the * * * cases. The * * * almost always * * and position, but much *. * * would seem to be due * to hyperplasia * *. The bladder, except for absence of the opening * *, * * normal. In a large number of * were associated deformities of the organs of * of the female organs, and these were almost * the side of the renal *; * affected the * much more than the glandular * *, *, * Fallopian tubes in the female, and vas deferens * * in the male, rather than the ovaries *. *, * points out the practical * * * example, the probability of * * * of urine in such * also the danger * *, * suggests the possibility of * * * * the absence of the opening of * in the bladder by means of the *, and also * of its * * * abnormality of the * is found, especially if this be unilateral."
* * the case of a female * in which the right kidney and right Fallopian tube and ovary were absent * * structures in their *. * * * * the absence of the right *, * ureter, and * in an old woman who had died of chronic *. * * * * was very much *.
* describes a * made on a * * of nearly * months, in which it was * that in the place of a * * * * * * at the apices * * of the cortical substance of each; the child * * * * *. * * of a case * kidneys and double ureters, and cases of * are not uncommon, * * * of one * * *. * * * * * * * like a *. We are quite familiar with the * *" in which * * kidneys are *.
There are several forms of displacement of the kidneys, the most common being the * *" which is * removed or *; * has made an extensive * * *.
The kidney may be displaced to the pelvis, and * * * instance in which the left kidney * situated in the pelvis, * left of the rectum and back of the bladder. The ureter * * * was very short. The left renal artery came from * of the aorta and the primitive *. * * * * normally, and received from the aorta *, * * did not surpass the two * * * * capsule, which was in its * * of the kidney * are very rare.
The ureters have been found *; * * the history of a male subject in whom the ureter on the left side * * * * *; there were * * * * left side one above the other; and *, in the *, * * * on both sides in a *. * * of six ureters in one person. * * described a case of * of the ureters. * an elongated kidney with two *. * * of the ureters on both sides. * * * in which the ureter * * *. * * * of four ureters in an infant. * * * of the upper * of the left ureter, with a * kidney, and there are * cases on record.
The ureters sometimes have * * either in the rectum, vagina, or directly in the urethra. * * * * normally in a number of animals * * * flow of urine, resulting in a *. * * of the termination of the * the pelvis; * * * * * * * *; * * describes a man who died * * * *, * *, as large as * in the urethral canal, * * * *; the bladder * absent. In the early part of * there was a young * examined in New * * * into a * * on the * *. * * *, and if the child * * * * * * * *. The genital * * * in the deformity, and with the exception that * * low and the anus * * * *, * * well formed and its * *. * * * * which the left ureter * * at the left side * * a little below the normal * *. There is * * of a man who * suffered from a *, as the urine passed in * as if controlled by * from his *. * * a patent * * * * *. * dilatation of the ureters * seen in the *. * describes a * * * characters in the * ducts. There * * * * of the intestine at the * * * * *; the right vas deferens * the ureter. There was * in a separate * * * * ducts which * * *, * * two ducts near the * * * *. * * * in the abdomen. * describes a * * one of the * * * *.
Anomalies of the *, *, *, *, * * * cases in which the bladder has been found * we have already mentioned some cases, but the instances * the bladder has been * are much more *, *, *, *, *, * * of vesical *. There is a description of a man * * *, * receiving a ureter. * * * bladder, and * * * * * instance in * who died * * with symptoms of * *. In the *, * represents the normal *, * * the supplementary *, * * * * * * of entrance into *. As will be noticed, * * in the supplementary *. * * * instances of * *.
* * * of a case of * of the bladder with the os * and another case of * with the * * * fusion with the uterus, and we * * * with the rectum and intestine.
* of the bladder is not rare, and is often associated with *, *, and other malformations of * *. It consists of a deficiency of the * in the * region, in which is seen the *. It is * by many different and * *.
In an * instance in which there is occlusion at the umbilicus and again at the neck of the bladder this organ * * as to produce a most * * in the * * such a case.
* * of the heart has never been recorded in human * except in the case of *, as, for example, *, although there was a case reported and * by the ancient * * * * * * * * * * * of a heart.
The absence of one * has been recorded. * * seen the left ventricle *, and the *, *, * speak of a single ventricle only in the heart. * a heart in which both ventricles were absent. * * *, * an autopsy on a child * * * days after birth, in which the left ventricle * * was found * *. * * * * a child * * * nine months in which one * *. * * * Hospital in * there is a heart * * of thirteen in which the cavities consist of a * and a single *.
Duplication of the heart, * the number of cases *, has been * with the greatest * * and by a number of *. * * * * * * heart are *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * *.
* * * * instance of * heart, and * * seen a triple heart in a *.
The phenomenon of *" * * *, is due to the patency of the * *, *, instead of * *, * sometimes to adult life.
Perhaps the most * collection of congenital malformations of the heart from persons who have reached the age of * * * seen in * * In this * there was an * in which the * * * * until the age *; there were but two * *; * * * showing a large patent foramen ovale from a man *; and there was a * * of an adult * a woman * *, who died of carcinoma of the * which the * * was still open and would * *. * * had shown no symptoms of *. There were * * in which * * * *, the ductus *, or some * * *. All these * * *.
* of the heart are quite *. * * * * an autopsy on an old * * * * * had a heart in his *" This organ was found in the * *; it had, with its *, * * * in the diaphragm. * observed in the Hospital * a woman with the heart in the * *. * * speak of the heart under the diaphragm.
Inversion of the heart is quite frequent, and we often find reports of cases of this *. * describes a * * years, of middle *, * * * * * killed in a * * receiving a * in the *, the heart was found in the position of the *; the two lungs were * * * the left *.
* anomalies of the vascular system are so numerous that we shall * them with a slight *. * * * * described a double aorta, and * * * case. The following case is quite * * *: A woman * * * * *, which was * at the epoch * * * *; * * * *, * * * *. At last * * * the patient died of *. * * * * of the * * * between the * and the esophagus, * this latter * * the passage of food.
Anomalies of the * first of the anomalies of the * apparatus to be discussed, although not * under this *, will be those of the *.
*, or complete absence of the breast, is seldom seen. * describes an individual who * for a female, but * really a male, in whom the breasts * * *, *, * * cite instances * * *. * * a case in which * were absent, although there were * * * *. There were no ovaries and the uterus * *.
There was a * * of in in whom the right * * *, and there are cases of but one breast, * *, *, and others. * * * absence of * * with absence of the left *.
* is not so rare, and is generally seen in females * * * *. * development of the * being a pathologic *, will be mentioned * *. *, among some of the indigenous * * * * * very large and *. * * shown in * which represents a woman * * * * an infant. The breasts * * and loose to be easily * over the shoulder.
* is of much more frequent occurrence than is *. *, the mother * * *, * * * she had * *. * *, * wife of * * * *, * reputed to * * *, * fingers, and three *. * * * * time there * * * woman with four *, * in contour, arranged in two lines, *, * * other, and all * * in abundance. * * * woman with four *; * * may be seen in the * *.
There was a young and * * * * * to the ancient * * *, *, as she * *, *, * * *, she would have three or * at a birth. This was a * with which some of * * * * * *, and which * * * * * *.
*, who has collected cases of * in females and in males, * * * * * * * * *, and that our * * * * * * *, but that by * * * *, from being *, females have * *. Some of the older * * that by * of two * * was originally intended to * *.
* *: * * * * are more common than is generally *. * * instances in 3956
persons * per cent). * * * at one in * * * * * * * about twice as frequently as women. It is * account for the accessory * on the theory of * they occur with no * * situation, but may develop * * on the body. The most frequent position is on * * below the true * and somewhat * * line, but an accessory gland has been observed on the * over the prominence of the *, on the * below the * *, above the umbilicus, * *, in the groin, on the dorsal surface, on the * * on the outer aspect of the left *. * * * * * * * parts of the body by the theory * of the embryonal * * into the * the mammary gland are carried to and * * * of the * of the body by means of the amnion."
Possibly the greatest number of accessory * * is that of * * * * * in one person. * * * cases, and since then *, *, *, * * * have collected *. * * been known in the * times, and we still have * * * images of *, in which this * * * * *, * * ability to look * * *. * shows an ancient * * * * * * * *.
* * * * * woman with three *, * * formed and a third forming a * with the * resembling the breasts of a * *. In the * * * * early in this * there was an * * * * from place to place, * * * * * *, * *. * * *, and when on all *, with her *, * * * *. The authors have seen a * * * *, * * * as those of * * *. The two * * quite small. * * * * * *, * *, * * a very * * * * * *. The hair * * * * of nearly * * about the nipples. * * * * with three *, * * *, the third to the *, * * *, but not the same * as the * describes a * woman who had * *, * * * near the *, about four * * * * * *. * became a * *, and gave * from all * breasts. In * *" * gives the history of * with four * * * * * * exhibited an *, covered with a * * like a *. * * * * * of the *, * said that similar * * * * men of *.
* says that among some * taken in * was found a woman * *, * *, * *, * * from the *. It was *, and the * covered with three * * *. She had been exposed * * infants, who had been * * days, to this *, and died on the next day. An examination of her * * *, of which * * * * the fifth was about the size of that of a * at puberty.
They all had an intense * * * *; the fifth * * * * * above the umbilicus. * * subject and * and described the mammary * * * * of nineteen who had * *, *, and as many *. The two normal glands were * * * glands and * * * * small and * * *. All the other glands and * * * * *. There were * * on the left and * * right side. The * mother had an accessory * * * * * * during the period of lactation.
* * observed in his clinic a woman with two * * * * *. * * * * * *. * * a woman who * an infant * * on the thigh. Until the time of pregnancy * * * for an * *, but with * it began * and acquired the size of a *. * is from * * showing a child * at a * * * * * * * * is at the natural * * of a breast on the outer side of the thigh * below the great *. * describes a woman * * * * * from her *. * a woman * * with four * * *; * * with the pectoral and not the *. * describes a pair of * *, and there is another * * *. * a woman * * * * * had a * * * * *. It was excised, and microscopic * * structure to be that of a * * * *. * * a case of a * on the * * under the insertion of the *, * * of an * * * situated on the * the greatest prominence of the *. * * * of a functionally active * * over the * of the 8th *. * * of a woman who had *, one of which was situated on the groin and with * * *; her mother had three *, * * * situated on the chest. * * * account of * who had two * * on the back. * * *) * * * * * on the * * * their existence. * a very * illustration of a woman with a * below the natural *. *, who has collected * number of cases of *, * the case of a woman * * * in each * in which * * *, but with no * *, and which * * connection with the mammary glands *. * * * * in size and *, as the breasts * * *, and in five * * traces of them * * * * * had similar * * * *.
* * seems to be hereditary. * * a daughter * mother was *, * * * * mother and * * * had three *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * * * in both of * * *.
* * * are also seen, as many as * having been found on the same *. * * * * in one case. * * seen a woman * * * on the same * * * * with the * and the same * as the single *. * contains a description of a triple *. * * *" on the face in front of the right * * * *.
Cases of deficiency of the nipples have been reported by the *, *, *, * *.
Cases of functional * * will be discussed in * *.
Complete absence of the * is very rare, if we may accept the statements of *, *, * *, as they * * an example in the numerous * * * * from a * point of *.
* * * of the * is also a very rare * of this membrane. In this instance the * * * * *, more or less * * by a membranous *, which gives the appearance *. * reported from * * a case of *, * * * * two examples of * * * very well that this disposition of the membrane is * * * * *. The first was in a * * *, * the membrane * of the usual size and *, * * on either side. In her * * * * * * *. The second case was in a * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * of having * *, and on * * showed a * *; there were * *, * greatest diameter being in the vertical * * * situated on each side of the median *, * *. apart; the dividing * did not appear to *, * * the same * * * * of the *. Since this * * a number of cases * *.
The different varieties of the * will be left to the works on *. As has already been observed, * * * complicated by a persistent and tough *.
* * may be caused by the persistence of a thick *, by congenital *, or by * absence in *. *, *, *, *, * * are among the older * * * *, but as it is generally associated with *, or complete absence of the vagina, the two * * *.
Complete absence of the vagina is quite rare. * * * a case of a * * * in whom "there was no * * or of genital *" * * of a case * *. * * * * * * * * who, not having a *, * * * * * urethra, and * * * that the extra * may have been a special * of nature. * a young * * * with a triple * * * *, closure of the vagina, * of the uterus. * * * * * *. * * * a similar * which was * an autopsy.
* * *, *, *, *, * *, *, *, *, *, *, *, and others are * * as having * the absence of the vagina. * * * * who did not have a trace of a * * * *. * describes a specimen * * of St. * *, *, in which * * on the surface of the pelvic * and there * * * *; the pelvis had some of * of the male *. * * * * * * case, the vagina * * more than an * *. * describes a * * * * * *. The labia were found well developed, * * * *, *, or ovaries. * had been * *, which was * *, though not * of urine. * * a case of congenital * the vagina in a * * *, * * the urethra. * * * * instance of * of the vagina with * of both ovaries into the * in a * * *, and the case of an * in a * of nineteen with an * *.
* * * instance of absence of the vagina and uterus in a * * * * * four years of age * * * *. At this early age the * * * *, and at ten the clitoris * * * long and * * *. * * * well developed. * * * and expanded * *, * *.
* * * instance of complete absence of the vagina and impermeability and probable absence of the * *. * * * * *. * * * deformity and * in a * * *. * * instance of * vagina in a * *, * * the functions. * * a case in which * tumor was formed by the * * fluid in * without a *. * * * was created, * * died from extravasation of blood into the *. *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * instances of absence of the vagina.
There are some cases reported in * * which might be cited. * * in his * * * * instance. The * * * was called by * * * * *; and in this * * * * * * * *.
* * * *.
* * * * * * * * *, * * *, * * * *: * * * * * * * * * * * * * *.
* * has been observed by *, *, *, *, *, *, and other * *. * * * reports of this * are quite *. * a case of labor at the seventh month in a woman with * vagina, and delivery through the rectum. * * * * * vagina with * *.
* * * * Hospital reports a case of * vagina in a patient of * suffering from *. * * * contracted; the urethra * dilated and had * used for *. A membrane * the vagina * *, the cervix lying in the right half; the septum * *. Both the * of the patient were so * * * * * * those of the * *. * is also reported by *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * is usually associated with * * *. * * * *, * * *, * * vagina and a * *, who was * * * *. * * * have seen * * uterus, and double * *; in the latter * * also a double *. * * of a * * with the other * by a fistulous * * that this was not a case of patent * *.
* * * cases in which there were * * of the vagina. * * * cases of transverse * * *. Three of the patients were young women who had * children or * *. * * * *. In the first the septum was about two * * *, and contained an opening * * * * * the tip of the finger. The membrane * * thin and * * signs of inflammation. * * * * up to the time of pregnancy. The second * * of the first, * that a few * * * cervix to the * *. In the third the lumen * *, about two * from the introitus, * * by a * of tissue. There was * * * *, but no history of injury or * * * * *. The two * * * * seen by *. *. *. *. In one the septum was about * from the entrance to the vagina and contained * large enough to * a uterine *. During labor * * the advance of the head for several hours, * * * in several *. In the other, * * * *, * * followed by a * of black and * blood, which * * * * and was accompanied by severe pain. The septum * * from the vaginal * and contained an opening * a uterine *. It was very * and tight and fully
1/8 * in thickness.
* reported a case of congenital deficiency of the * * which was * * * *.
* * of the * * * * * into the rectum, into the bladder, the urethra, * the abdominal *. * reports from a hospital * the case of a * * in whom there was * * corresponding to the opening of the *; * traces of a * could be found. The tumor * * proved to be a living *. * * * * said that he had * * * by the * * showed that the vagina * into the rectum, * * * had been *. * * * * * cases of this abnormality of the * and subsequent * by the anus. * * * a woman * *, well formed, who had been in * *, when the physician examined and * * * a vaginal *; the finger, * along the * in contact with the distended *, in which was * head of the fetus. * * * prolongation of labor * a complete state of *, * * * * * the patient, applied the forceps, * the fetus without * *. The vulva of * * * * * all the characteristics *, the vagina * into the rectum, and * * * *. * woman, as well as * * that they had no * of the * and that * the anus) * * * *.
Opening of the vagina upon the *, of which * * has collected a number of cases, has never been observed * with a viable *.
Absence of the labia majora has been observed, especially by *, to the exclusion of all other anomalies. It is the rule * of the bladder.
Absence of the * has also been observed, particularly * * and by *, and is generally associated * development of the clitoris. * * of the external organs of generation, * * * uterus and its *, in a young *. * *, *, * * * cases of absence of the * *. * in the early part of the * reported a case of defective *; * * 1774
offers a contrast to this case in an instance of * *.
* * are sometimes * enlarged by hypertrophy, * *, or by *, of which latter type * * * * a most * case. There is also a *œ enlargement of the clitoris which seems to be * * *; it may be a natural hypertrophy, or perhaps * * *.
The peculiar conditions under which the * women are obliged to live, * their mode of *, is said to have * of causing * development of the * * * * *. On the other hand, some of the lower * * been distinguished by the deficiency in development of * *, * *, and genital hair. In this * present an approximation to the genitals of the *, * whom the * * * * * * of the labia majora.
* * * of the * * have been * for many years. * and others of the * found that the * appearance of the genitals * * * was due to abnormal hypertrophy of the * *. According to * *, * * *, *, said that the more * among the * * * * * * * * * * * * and labia. They are said to pull * * *, and even to stretch them by * * to them. * them are said to * several hours a day at this * is considered one of the important parts of the * * * *, this malformation * * * * * members of the *. * says that in * * * begin to * * * * * * shortly after infancy, and * has found * * prevail in *; * says that the * * *, * * of his * *, * * * * up to the standard of * *. * an analogous * among the women of the * * *. * * of this * * the skin * lower part of the * of the female children *, and at puberty * * exhibit a * * the genitals * * * down the thighs.
A corresponding development of the * *, * the length of mm. or even more, has been * * * * *. The greatest * * * * * *, but it is quite * * was not possible for * to examine the longest, * * * * * * very high * *.
* describes a * * *, * * * * * * a case * * * *, * * *. * * * * * * * were so long as to render * * * a case of congenital malformation of the * which he attributed *.
There is sometimes * of the labia * *, which may be so firm and extensive as to obliterate the vulva. * * a case of absence of the vulva in a woman * * * * *, which was the result of the fusion of the *, and this with an enlarged * * * * of an *.
The absence of the clitoris * * * in the male, and in atrophy of the vulva it is common to find * *; but a more frequent * * * the clitoris.
Among the older * * instances of enlarged * * *, *, *, *, * *. * describes an operation for *, * * one, and * * * * * * *, in which there appeared a tumor * the menstrual *.
We learn from the * that there were * * * the borders of the * * who had a * for one another which was called * *" * * them to the highest degree of *. * * * * * references to this *. * of this peculiar * is found in the fact that some * * * * *, * *, *, * * *. * * * * * to their *, * * them with *. We find in * mention of this * *, * the time of the * * * * * * * between these * * said that the * * amputation of *, so that enlargement of this organ must have been * * * * along the *. It was * * * * * * * on their * * * of seven or *, the time * * when the * * *. * * examples of enlarged * * *; * * to this * * *, * * * * it in the * and the *.
* says that the women of * had a natural *, * in consistency, * thick and *, coming from * of the * *. * says that in a * * * * one of these * which was * long, and * a woman * * which was * * long, and * * * * only to women of distinct * *.
* says that in * * * * not only remove a great part of the body of the clitoris with the * * * portions of the *; * * * * * on the upper banks of the *.
* * * * * * * * with a * * long and * in the transverse *; * from the vulva and when * formed a * for the vaginal *. The clitoris may at * so large as to prevent *, and in * * a legitimate cause for *. This organ is *, and it is said that in cases of * * * * * * of the clitoris * * *.
* * an example of a * as long as a little *; * * * * * * *, * is a record of an enlarged * * * * of a * and which was * *. * * case of enlarged * in a woman * * * * with her first child. This organ * * * * and of about the diameter of a * *. * 149
shows a * case of hypertrophy of the clitoris. * a woman * * in a reduced state of * an enormous clitoris and * about the anus; * * manifestations of tuberculosis. * * *, * * that she had * *; * she had * several times with a young man, but after his * * * *, * * on the *. The clitoris * * and came * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * before the * *.
In some cases ossification of the clitoris is observed * * of a public * * * who had an * * * said that * * connection with her * * *, followed by inflammation of the penis.
There are a few instances * * * clitoris, and * * the history of a woman who had a double *. * of a * which was in a permanent state of *.
Complete absence of the ovaries is seldom seen, but there are instances in which one of the ovaries is missing. *, * * * in full cases of the absence of the * * has collected cases of this *. *, * * have published observations in which * * said to have been *. * * of a * * * who had an infantile uterus and no *; * * * * * signs of *. * * * of a woman * ovaries and uterus * *, * * none of the principal * * * *; on the other hand, * describes a woman with * * who was very * * * * * *.
At one time the existence of * * * * * *, and the older records contain no * since the * * *, *, *, *, *, * * the presence of multiple * * * *. It was originally thought that * as well as * * * * of the normal organs and connected to them * of the proper *; *, *, by the * we are * * * * * * * *. It has * been suggested that it is * of these * that causes the * * we sometimes * * * * * *. * * instance of third *; * has found * ovary in the body of a * *, * the inner side of the normal *. * * * * * connected to the uterus by its own *. * found two * on one side, * * * * tissue, and connected by a band * *.
* * * * into three *.
* * * * *.
Those cases in which * masses of ovarian tissue are separated by * *.
* * organs, as in * *.
* * displacement of the ovaries into the * * *, the vaginal wall, or into the rectum can be * by the resulting sense of nausea, * * or in *. *, *, *, *, * * * instances, and * describes an * inguinal hernia of the ovary in which the uterus as well * Fallopian tube were found in the inguinal canal. * * * * * instances of * * the ovary and of the * type, and also * * * the only instance in which * * * * * on both sides. Such a condition with other * of the genitalia * easily be mistaken for * * * *.
The Fallopian tubes are rarely * on either side, * * * * instance of * *. * * * * atrophy, or * * state of one of *, with absence of the tube on that side, in a woman *.
* has an instance of multiple Fallopian tubes, and *, * * * * are noticed. * * * * * * adherent to the ovary or to the uterus; * describes the * of the Fallopian tube with *.
Absence of the uterus is frequently *. * * * are each said to have * * subjects in * the uterus * * * * were found. * * * * * instances of defective * *, among them *, *, *, * *, *, *, * *. * * reported a * of the uterus and vagina in a * * *. *, *, *, *, *, and many others * instances, and in several * all the adnexa as well * uterus and vagina were absent, and even the kidney * *.
* * of two *, * *, with congenital absence of the uterus. In his * article on * * * instance of total absence of the uterus * out of five * of the same family; two of the * * *.
* uterus is so frequently reported that an * of the cases * * * *. *, *, * * * are so called according to the extent of *. * * * all the way from slight * two distinct *, * * appendages and *. *, *, * * are among the * who have * * uterus with * *. * represents a transverse section of a * with a double *. * * * * * * * *, or a veritable * *, * having the appearance of a complete * * * * * to its *. * relates the history * woman who was * * * who had two *, * into the vagina, the other into the rectum. *, *, *, *, and many * instances of * * in which * *, the fetus * * until the full term.
* * * says that in the * * * * the body of a woman who died in the ninth month of pregnancy. * * * * * size and form as is usual * * of gestation, * * * * *, * * * attached to a single Fallopian tube. On the left * found a second *, * and of usual *, * * ovary and * * *. Both of * * distinct and almost entirely *.
Pregnancy with * * describes the following * of the uterus which he encountered during the * * *.
"There were found two *, the posterior * being a normal organ with its *; * with this * * *, * to it. The two * had a common *; * of the two organs had no *, * * * * *; it had become *" * * * * * that probably the * * one of them * * *, leading to a * * * * * developed into the anterior *.
Other cases of * uterus with pregnancy are * * * * When there is * pregnancy in each portion of a double * a complication of circumstances *. * * * of a woman who * * * * * * * * * of the same year, and both at full * had only had three * * * *. The question as to whether a case like this * one of * in a normal *, or whether the * *, * * *. There would also be * that one of the children was * * * that the other * of premature *. * * * Code of * * a minimum of one hundred and * a maximum of three * * for the gestation of a *. * * *.
* * * * * seen a triple uterus, and there are several * * on record. * * * * was divided into three * *.
Of the different * positions of the uterus, most of which are acquired, the only one that will be mentioned is that * * of the uterus. In this instance the organ * * out of the body and even * *.
* cases of * of the uterus * * * have been observed in the inguinal region, * on the right and * the left side. In the case of * * * * * both sides. The uterus has been found * only in * and three times in * *. There is one *, according to *, in which the uterus was one * constituents of an * *. * * * found with it. *, *, *, * * * the uterus in the * of an inguinal hernia; *, * * in an * *. * * represents a * of the * * * * *.
Absence of the penis is an extremely rare *, although it has been noted by *, *, *, *, *. * * * * describe a newly * with absence of external genitals, with spina bifida * *. * describes a child of two * * *, but both * were found in the * * * by the rectum. * * * * * of the penis, the urethra * at the margin of * outside the external *; the scrotum and * well developed. * gives the description of * * * without a *; the child * through an opening in the lower part of the abdomen * the ordinary location of the penis; the scrotum *. * were made into a small * just below * * in the abdomen * * * view the * * * normal but the body very small. * * * * out the glans * until the wound * * * *. It is stated that the * * * equal to any * * * * * a somewhat similar case in an infant, but it * * * * * *.
Among the older * * * deficient or absent * * *, *, *, * *, *, * * *, and others. * describes a * a small penis and * *. *, * *, * of a * * * *, * * on his * * * region and the * *, * * *; a careful search * show any trace of a *; on the anterior wall of the * * above the anus was an * * * * *; the right * * * * normal, but there was * * in the left. * from just in front of * * was a * of skin * long and * continuous with the *, * seemed to be formed * tissue and which * * *, * * several minutes * usually an * * *. It was possible to pass * * through the * the rectum to the bladder through a urethra * * patient had control of the bladder and * * * to five *.
Many instances of * development of the penis have been recorded, most of them complicated with * * * of the sexual organs. In other instances the organ *, but the infantile type is present * * * the subjects are * * * and in a * * *. * * a case in a * * * * * * * * *, about as * * *, * * * * as a mere tube of skin; * * were not entirely absent, * * only from * to the junction of the fixed portion of the * terminating at this point. * indicative of * could be found. The * were at the entrance * inguinal canal and the glans was only slightly *.
* * of a man * * * external genitalia were of the size of those of a boy * *. The penis * * the size of the * finger, and contained on each * * larger than a *. There was no * on the * the face, giving the * * aspect of an old *. * * * * and the seminal vesicles * * * *. * * * * * * * as to his ability to perform the *. In size * penis and * * * * a boy * *. He had never * desire for * * he became * with his * * when he had * * * *. * * * became the father of a family; * * * * were so much smaller than usual * * * to normal adult *. There are three * * in the older literature * * * * *. They are * by the *, *, * *. The result in these cases * *.
In the * and Medical * * * are two * * of the male * * of skin. From the * * * they measure * *; from the * * termination of either * * inches, and * * * *. Between these two * * an average of the size of the normal *.
In some instances the penis is so large as to forbid * and even * * *, * as much as * * * * in length. * cases of large * reported by * * * it as a cause *, *, * *, *, *, *, *, * *. * * * * in the * have been observed by * *. * The penis *, * * * * * of the *, is the name given to those examples of single * * for both * * *; the penis is adherent to the scrotum * * *; the glans only is free and * * * * * instance in a man * *, * * * describes an example of this * *. * and testes * * in a common *, * * not over * * * seen from the upper * this curious *. When the child was a year old * * was performed on this * * with a * *. * describes an instance in which * * * fused with the scrotum.
There are many varieties of * of the penis. The glans itself may be * *, * * may be *, * may be a veritable *, * the inferior * and the superior * *. * describes a child * * * * * * * on its * * * * * upward to the left, and * * * toward the left *. * * * instance in a boy * * with complete *, * * * * * cases, both * * *. * * * * * * * * * of the penis with * * *. There was a complete * to the left, * * * * * * * and the * *. Among the older * * * * * of the penis * *, * *, *, *, *, * *.
* * * * * of the penis * *. * * a case the result of *, * * * * of the penis associated with *.
Ossification of the * * of a man * * * * * * and distorted in such a * * could not be passed * pain and * *. * * * was discovered in the septum * * *; this was * out with much * * * * * *, but there * * * in the opposite *. The formation of bone * in the penis is quite rare. *, *, * * * * * * as having * *. There is an excellent * * * * *, but no * is given. The * * * * *.
The complete absence of the * * * has been observed in animals but is very rare in man. * incomplete or * is more frequent, but most common is * of the prepuce, * *, when there * * with the glans. Instances of *, * *, will be passed * special mention. * * * has been observed by *, *, * *. Partial deficiency is described by *, and others.
There may be * * * occlusion of some portion of the urethra, * * accumulation of urine * bladder, but fortunately there is generally in such * * opening of the urethra * * * *. * * a case of * urethra. In * there is an account of a man who had a constant * * from an abnormal opening in the abdomen. * * a case of * due to * of the * into the bladder instead of into the urethra, * * there was a * of a * of the * * are a number of instances in which the urethra * in the rectum. * dilatation of the * is very rare, and generally accompanied by *.
Duplication of the urethra or the existence of two * * is not * by all the authors, some of whom * one of the * * terminates in a * or is * in itself. * has published an article * a number of cases, showing that it is possible for * to have two or more canals which are distinct and * *. * * * of a * to the urethra; * * * * * *, one of the * being in the testicle; * is another case on record in which there was a * in the groin. A case of * urethra in a man * living in * who was * * * is described, the * * * * * one and receiving a * to the depth of * * * * in both *. * * * of a double * *, one of which was * * * fluid and the other *. *, *, * have reported * *. Instances of * have been discussed under the head of * * * * * * are names given to malformations of the urethra in which the wall of the canal is * * or below. These anomalies are particularly interesting, * are nearly always found in male *, * * the appearance of a *, as the scrotum is *, and even the * may be * * * the other parts, * * * *. * to be an element of heredity in this malformation, * * is exemplified by *, * * a case * in which a family of females * * * * * males with *. * * a man * * at the base of the * who had * * the same *. * * * father and *, * * * * * *, one above the other, * of which * urine and from the other * * * the possibility of inheritance of this * in whom the urethra * at the root of the penis, * * *, are not necessarily *; *, *, * knew of a man * * * * was the father of four *. * * * * * * and followed the * on the * the penis to the uterus, the membrane of the * * * wall of the urethra. The penis *, but about as * * *.
* * * * case in a man * * * *, * * *, * * in the * * *. When he determined to get *, * * * *, * * * * nature, and being * * * turn of mind, * * himself with * of an * *. * * * * * * opportunity to study the conformation of this * * prepared a body formed of cotton, * * *, and shaped like a *, * * *. * * * * gut and gave it a slight * *. To the touch * elastic, and its shape * maintained by a piece * *, around which the * was firmly *. * * to the * by means of *, a central * * * * * * that the penis could be * * * position and so *. He had * * * * * * * * * * * he was * * * * * * months, and was only discovered when; she * * he was in a state of intoxication. To further * he had * * * immediately after their * it was * * for a husband * * * * of his wife, and therefore she had * * * turned out the light. * * fear that his * * * * * * * *, the duration * * * * an hour. When the discovery *, * * * * * with which he had * * * * * *, and the patient * * by contact with * *, * * * * *. * * * * * * and the * became the subject * *. * *, at the time of report, * * * *. * * a case in which * * * * compensated for by the use of an * * instances of this kind have been recorded by * *. * * absence of the male sexual apparatus is extremely rare, but * * * have reported cases.
Complete absence of the *, * *, is a * * *, and it is very difficult * * * * arrest of development, * atrophy, which is much more common. * * * the case of a man * *, who died of * the age of * * *, and even to the day *, * * had never changed and his * * *. * * * * in concert with *. * age of *, *, * * * * * * could not * * with such *. He had no * * *, and had never * * * * * * *. * * * * * with a * * of men and was * to the * would never * * * *. * * * * * could be found; the scrotum * soft and *. * was the exact size of that of a female *.
Individuals with one * are called *, and may be divided into three *.
A solitary * * in the middle by a deep *, the two lobes * * provided with a spermatic cord * * side as the lobe.
* of the same origin, but with * more general.
A single * and two *.
* of St. * * * * on a man * *, in whom the right half of the scrotum, the right *, and the scrotal * * parts of the right * were absent. * * the literature for * up to the time of his report, and found * * in which there was absence of *, and in * of these * * * *. * *, * * * * bodies, are mentally *, * only a short time. The penis is * * * is sometimes * * *. They are * * toward the opposite *.
* * persons who have more than two *. For a long time the abnormality was not believed to exist, and some * * denied the * * postmortem examination of * the cases * *, but there is at present no doubt * *, four, and five * having been found *. *, one of the older * on the * * * who was a *, and was * * * * * * * from keeping * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * greater than * * another case of a man with a similar * * * * * as a reasonable * to a * *.
* * * say that they never * a third * * * * * *, * * * * records of a great number of *, * * * able to verify the presence of the third * *. Some authors, * *, * * * examples of *. There is an old * * * *, one above the other, were found on the * and one on the left. * describes a * * * * seemed to be much larger on the right than on * *, although it was not *. * * * * * * were found in their normal *, * on the right side between the groin and the * was a * *, not in contact, and having * and short *. * * describes a man with *. * cases of * were found in * * * *. * * * * * * * * half of the scrotum of a boy * *. In a * on a man killed in *, * * * * *, * on the right side * one above *. * * Medical Record of * * * * * * * * * * who had * * * diagnosed as * * by the same *, * * * * * * * *, * * * confirmed by several of *. * * * of the * * *, as the third *, * * in some * the inguinal canal, * * exposure to *.
* * * instance of four testicles, and *, in the *, * *; * * more than *, and, without * *, * * * of such occurrence and adds that such * * * *.
* * *, five, and even * * in one individual; * were not * * *. * * * of six * four of which were of usual * * smaller than *.
*, * *, * * * fusion of the *, * *, * after the manner of * disposition of the * and also the *, * * of which the fusion is abdominal and in the *. * has a description of an individual in whom * * *.
In those cases in which the * are still in the abdominal cavity the individuals are termed *. * * the results of postmortem examinations of *. * * of this * * * * *, the number found in the abdomen * uncertain, but in
18 instances both * were found in the inguinal canal, * * only one was found in the inguinal canal, the other *. The number in which the semen * * * and in three * were found * *; one case was *, * * * * * on a * *. The number * * *. In one case a * * * * *. * * * * *, * * * * * * of a *. * *, *, *, and the * * found a place in *; and although there are * of the possession * * *, *, we are compelled to say that * * * * of human *. * * might be * the curious * * *, of a * who was * * *. * * that no traces of * were found * * * * * * was found in * *. * have been found days and * *, and the individuals during this period * * *, but in these cases the * * *, although the * had ceased to flow. *, * *, * * * * * * * * * * and who * * *. * describes a man * * * * *, * * * * *.
In some cases there is * position of the testicle. * * * instance in which, from the great pain and *, a small tumor * against the right pubic bone * to be a * *. There were * * in the scrotum, and the * * * a third. * describes a * * *, * * * * * * * * * * * * near the internal * of the internal *, * by a * until the tumor passed into *. It was found in the upper part of the scrotum * * *, but not in contact, and was about half * of the normal *; * cord and epididymis * * * and caused the same * * * * * * *.
* * a boy * * in whom the right half of the scrotum * *, although the left * of normal size * * *. * * * * * * in the *; the boy said that while * * *, four years before, and on getting * * * * * groin. and this * * * *. * * * * to the scrotum. * * 20
instances of * who made a similar *, * the first *; * * was likely due to *, * * * * * *. There is a * a dog remarkable for its * who had two * * * and one in the abdomen; some of the older * * * * * on this subject.
* describes a child with a * in the * * painful and elastic to the touch. The child * * * * to the tumor and there was * evidence that the * * *. *, * * *, has given a * in an * * *, as was the * at that * * * * * *. * * from a * off the * * *. * * * he had been * dozens of *, * * * * * of rupture in both *. The scrotum was found to be * *, * * * showed that the * * * of the * *. As soon as * was made the * * * * *, * * the parts the * were found in the * * found that there was no chance for * * * he was an * and gave * * in which, * *, * * * * up from the bottom * * to the external * *. At the word * * * * * * *, * another, and * * *; * * * * * * * * * could not be distinguished.
In this * * * of a man * * * * every time the * * *, * * * * * * * *; the same author describes a man * * into the inguinal canal every time he was * * of women.
Inversion of the testicle is of several varieties and quite rare, it has been recognized by * * *, *, *, and other *.
* anomalies of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles are of little interest and will be passed * mention of the case *, * found the seminal vesicles *; * * has been seen in *.
* * *.
ANOMALIES OF *, SIZE, AND DEVELOPMENT.
* * * * * accounts of * *, * * *, * * was the * the life of the individuals * enough to come * *. * * known as the *, and the *, * *, * *, who were * * *, * * in detail in the *" * * all the nations of the earth have their fairy tales * * * * * * *, * *; and pages have been written in the * of all * * * between these * men with * *, in which the giant *.
The word * is derived * from the old * * *" which in its * came from the * of the *. It is of * *, *, or the *" * * * * *" * *, *.
* * are told in the Bible * that the * * *, * * *, * * *, which in * * *. * * *, who was * * *, * * and a * * *. The body of * to the *, * * long. The *, in number, were a * * * * * * *, and their descendants were the *. * * to these creatures * *, and they * * * * * * * the sky and to help * * * *. *, a man * * * who is said to have been not over * *, * * * *.
* * *, who was brought to * * * * * * and was * * * in height, * that the remains of * * *, found in the * * * in the * *, of which they * to be the *, * * * *. * * *, * believed that the * of man *, but from the remains of the * * * it would appear that the modern * is about * as the ancient. * * * * * * * and now in * * * * * * * * * * * * * * example, the * *, is well * * * * *.
* * * * * * * an equivalent of about *, * *. * * * *, * * * * * by the King * * * *, * * * *. *, * *, * a giant * high and * he had * who were * *. *, * * * to have been * *, * * * *, * said to have been * * high. It was said that there was a giant living in * * under the rule of * * * * * * * *.
There are * * * of the * *. * * say that he was * * * high, and * * * for a *, and that he * * * a day and * * * * *. He was * * being a great *, and in his * * * to have * * * *. * * * * * * * with great * *.
In the * times there were * stories of the * who lived in *. * say that * * the name * * because its * * *. * * says that on the * * near the * * * * * * high; and in his * *, * * * * saying that on the * * * * on a * the skeleton of an * * * * * and who was * * in height. * * * * the bones *. * says that the bones of * * * inches, and the skull * * * *, just about the size of the skull * *, *, * only of * *. In his account of a * * * * *, * * says that on * * found at Port * * * covered with * beneath the stones * * of men * * * *. The ancient idea of the * * the men of * were so * that the * * * under their * * * *; * we know * * exhibit no exaggeration of * *, * * * * * * * are rather * * of the * was not limited to * * accounts of men in the * of the Peak * who had * in their head and * * *.
Discoveries of *' *, * * *, says that there was to be seen at one time in * * * * * * of the giant *, * * to be * tall; and that in * * * *, near the *, they found a * * * * *, the skull of which would hold a * *; * * * * *, *, taken as *, would make * * * *. On the * * * * * said that the * contained the * * * * * *, * * * * *, * * *, * that he * * * * * bones of a subject that must have been at least * *.
* * * * * possessing the bones of the giant *, * * of the *, who was * by his * * *. * * had the * and part * *, *, * by the * * in their *, * * to be *. * claimed to have an * * in the medical school * * * * *, which they * * belonged to a man * * *.
It is said that while * * * * there was * the body of a giant * the title *" and that the skeleton * * *, * * shoulders, and feet from breast to back. The * * * long, and the teeth as large as those of *. * * * version of the finding of the * *.
* * * * * there was found the skeleton of a giant * * was at least *; * * was the size * *, and each * * *; and in and in
1550 there were * * of the height of *. * * * * * * * and 36
feet in height. * * * it is recorded that there * a human * * tall, and the * * * in a * * in that country. In *, 1691,
there was the skull of a giant found in * * * 210
pounds of *.
* * the accounts of * originating in the finding of * * * of course * *, * * * * those of some animal. * * * * obtained a * in the public mind, and in the * * * known of it. The * *' * * those of *, elephants, and other animals. * we learn that * * * * * * * * * *' bones of *, * * * * or images. From their * we must believe they were * *, as no * * * *. * describes a * for many years * as the * of a giant * to be nothing but a * of a * * *, * a common *. * * * * * shown in * early in the * *, * * composed of the bones of the * of a small * of a *.
* * * * *, who treated this subject * *, * at the conclusion that while in most * * * * those of *, *, *, * some instances * were given by * * * * * *. *, * * will be * believe that any * * * * * * *; *, such cases with * references are extremely * * that the * * * * * * was the * *" * * * * * *. * person was not quite * * *. *, * a reliable *, comes to * conclusion that there is no doubt that men have lived * and even * *; * * * * * * from the references *.
From the original estimation of the height of * * * calculated that * * * * and that of * * * come to *, * seemed to be about * * * * in the Middle *. * *, we still have stories of men from * * *, * * cases. It was only in the latter part of the * that we began to have * * * *, * * the men * through the country * * * * * * *, * * * * show that but few * * * are over feet or weigh over 350
pounds. * says that the number of * * * * * is not more than and of these * * * to be * *. If we * * * * * * * the list * *. * * * * * * * * and found that he was * *. * * * * * in height. * * *, who was born in * in the *, and found that she * * * * * and a half years old.
* *, as a rule, the great * is due to excessive growth of the lower extremities, the size of the head and that * * * nearly the same as those of a man or * * * age. On the other hand, in a natural * * * * *, the head, *, * always larger * to the body, just as we find in infants. *, * of "General * *" * those of an * * * * * * * *.
* shows a * of two * * of about the same age, and illustrates the possible * * * *.
Recently, the association of acromegaly * * has been *, and in these instances there seems to be an * enlargement of all the bones of the body. * * describe the case of a male of * * * unusual before the age of *, when he began to *, *, * * * *, * * * * in height and * * *. * * * very strong until the age of *, * *, and following * he developed an extreme * the spine and trunk, the latter * * * the nipples * on a level with the anterior * of the *. For two years * * * *, *, *, headache, and * * he was *; the bones of the face and * * * characteristic of acromegaly, * * not being involved. The circumference of the trunk * * * inches, and over the most prominent portion of * * *, *. The authors * * and others that there is an * * * * *, but they * further and compare * * growth of the body. * call attention to the * * * of the * growth of * * *, * * * well to * * of this disease: "The disease manifests itself * in the bones of the extremities and in the * the bones," and * with this * * * *: * * * of the * * * * *.
The many theories of the cause of * will not be discussed here, the reader being referred to * * * * *.
* * of some of the most famous * will be made, together with any * points of interest.
*, physician to * *, says that he * * * * high and a man and a woman * *. * says that in
1553 the * * * * * by three brothers * descent from * *, * * *, *, * * of whom * * * in height. In his * *" * * * said that in the time *, * * *, the giant * * so large that * * * * arms, and his * * * * * * of the * * * *, * * * was one * *, * *, who died in
1676 in his * year. The giant * of the * * * * *. * *" * * * *, * * * * * * *, * * *. * * * *, of whom there is a picture in *, * * *, * * high; and *, * * * *, was about the same *. *, * * * *, was nearly *; * * * in his *.
In the * *, in order to * * * * *, * made a * of all the * * * * * *. * * of this * * * * complained to the * that the * * in such a manner as to make their lives *.
* * of a * * *, *, five years old, * * * as large as that of a * woman and * when a year old as much as a * of wheat. * * a man living in * *, * * * * * *. * van den * * of a * * * who was * *. *, * * * *, * * * *; he became a *.
* * * * * * *. There is a * * * one of the * * * * * * says that in * * * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * that he was nearly * *.
* * * * * * who was * *. * * a giant * *.
* * * said to have * * *. *, * *, presented to * *, * * * the age of * * died in * * of the * * who was said to have been * * *. * * * * says that there was * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * * years old. In the * * * is an account of *, * is still preserved in *. In the * * * * the time of the * * * *, * * * * * * years old who was * *.
* * * * * *, in the * * *, who died at the age of * with a height of * *. *, in great * * *, * * * * * *. * *, born in 1752
at *, *, * called the "Child * *" * * is in * *, *, * * * *. In his "History of *" * *, * * * account of a discovery in of a skeleton * long. In in a * * * * * * * * * who was * high and * *. * * * * there was shown in * * parts of * a most * * * * hands or feet * * a needle, * *, * there was * * * * * * * years of age and * *, * by her * * * * * *, from the Island of * years old and * * *. * *" records the death of * * * * * * * * of the chest. He was * years old and 8
feet * in height; * began to grow at the age of * * had no *; * * * *; he was a *. There was a giant * in St. *, *, * * in height, who was very thin and *.
*. * *, who died in * a man * * *. * *, in his * of Natural * * *, * * *, * * *. Early in
1837 there was * * * a young man * * * of the King of the * who was * * * * *. * *, * * * died in * * at the age of *, * * * high and * *. The skeleton * *, * preserved in the * * *, is a striking example of *. * * * * * *.
* * *, * * *, * * to be * * in height at the time of his death in at the age *. The story of his connection with the * * is quite *. * * * that he would * * * *, * * * * * * * in the * * *. The giant * all his life by the * assertions of * * * * * * *. *, *, * * * decline of his class of *, * * * *, * * * * to take * * * * to the middle of the * * * * * * *. *, it is *, * informed of this * the prospective * and thus * * * has been estimated that it cost * * * to gain possession of the skeleton of the * * * in which the body * *, together with * * relative to the circumstances, * in the * of the * * * * *, and were * at the meeting of the * * * with other * *. * * is now one of the features of the *, is reported * * in height, and is * * * * *, * * *, who was * * * * * * * She did not grow * * * at the age of *.
* *, * * * *, and who * * * under this *, claiming that he was a * of the * * *, * *, who he * * in height, was born in and died in * * * *. * * * * long, and he was * * * * his death.
In the * * * * * * there is a * * * *, said to be the * * of his time. It * * inches, and is * in the * * * * of the * * * * *. * * * there is a * of the * * * *" in the * of his *. * 158
represents a * * *, * * who was * * *.
* refers to a * * who he * * * * *. *, * * *" * * * * to nearly all the modern world, was said to be *. * at the age of nineteen, * * * *. * *, *, * there was an * * * in height, * around the chest, and * *. * shows an * * * *, * *" At the age of nineteen * * * * tall and * *.
* * there were * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, * *, both of whom * * *. *, * known as the * *" years ago * * figure in many * *, * * * * * with his *, the combined height of the * greater than that of any * known to *. * was born in *, * *, *, * * * enlisted in the * * * * * * years old * * to the service because of *. At the close of the war * * * * * height of * *. * * * * and his * * until it * *. * * as a * * * * with various * *. * * * the large * * * in the United States, * *, *, *, *, *, *, *. While in * * * * * * * *, known as the * * *" who was two years * of her * *. * * * * * * *, * *. The two * * * * * height of * * * * * * * * known to *.
* *' * were of * *. His father, a native * *, * * * high and * * mother was * * tall and * *. * of the father of *. * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * *.
A recent * * *: * *. *. *, * * * at one time * the attention of *, has recently * from his * * * * * * on his * * *, *, *, half a * * * *.
* there was shown in * * *, * * *, * * * *) * * * *. *) long and of great *. * * * * * there was a * by the name of *, called the * of the *" * * * * * *. * *, *, * * * in May He was so large * * of the * in which the deceased * * * to the level of the floor had to be taken *, * that the coffin might be lowered * block and * * to the ground. * * * * * * *, * died of * *. He was * * in height and * * * * * *.
* * * number of persons of great *, * * * *, * * * *, *, * * *, * *, * *, * the Long, *, *, *, * * * * in modern times. *, * * * *; *, * *; *, * *; *, *, * *, * *, *, * * *, * *, * * * * *, were all men of *.
* * *" is of * * *, *) * corresponds to the *" * *" of the *. * * in the * people of * * * * * *. In the *" * * of the * * * * *; but the * of these * * these creatures * * * that they * * * * *. * * * * * * * there were people of extreme * *. The Bible * that no * * * * *. * * * speak of * * * *, * * *. In the * * * * that there were * in the * * *, *, * * in the older * * said to contain * *. * of what * * * * * have been found in the *, and in * * * * *.
*. *, * * * *, confirms the statements of *, *, * * that there * * * * near the source of the *. * * * * * of the country occupied by the * that their * varies from * * * * people are called the *, * * * * * * * * *, characteristics that seem * for their small *.
* * * * of the existence of an * * called the *, * the country of *, a little to the * of the equator, who were about
1.4 meters in height. There have been * found in * region of very * *. * * * * near the * who are called the * describes the *, who are but * * *, * * called the *, * vary from * * *. * * speak of a * * * whom they * *, and of the *, * * * * * * *. * has a * * * called the *, * is known of them. * * there are * * * descended from the *, * * * * *.
In the works of * * * there is * to the tradition of a * * * in the * * * near the * * * in Central *. * * * * * * on the way to * *. * * * * on his * * * * * * * * people, but * * * * * * to the older *. * * * * * * * * in height.
* * * who were sent to the King * * * shown in * * * * * * * * * at the court * * * * *. These two * * were found in Central * and were * * * * years old. * * * * of their own * from any known * *; they were * by an * *, a native * *, * * as the sole * of the * * * *, *, * *. *, * * his life in * *. * * * * * recent years and at the time of report. * * *. * they were under the care of the * Society of *. They were * * *, * * * * too much, and were * * * * attempted to * *. * * * Children" in at the ages of seven and six years, * pair of * * *, * * * in height and * * *. The circumference of their * did not equal * * * * at birth.
It is known that at one time the * * * * * * * an insufficient * * *. * * * * from their * * and a great number *, * those who * * * * by the * * for their *. There were * * * * *. * the most efficient in the * * * said to have * the backbone with the * * *, *, * * *; it was * said that * * * * * the feet * *, as the * * * of the parts * * * * *. * the growth of * intended to be * * down by * *.
* Popularity of * one time a * was a necessary * of every * family. The * * * * *. *, * * * *, had a * *, * * *, each of whom * * * *. It was the fashion at one time to have * * * * * *. * * *, * * *, was a *, * * *, * * *; * * *, who was only * *; *, who was only * high, and *, * * *. Later in the Middle * and even to the last * * seen at every *. * * * * at the * * * * * * * * * the Court * * * some parts * * *. At this time the * * * * * *. The Court * * * * * speech, and in order to get * * other men * * * one of the * * * * one of * * *.
* * * * * *, of which * had been given to * * * * * * and three * * * *. * * * had three * * at one time, and in she had * * * *, *, *, *, * * the last * in the Court * * * *, who died in * * * * were present at great * * *. * * * the Cardinal * * * * * * * * * *. * the Great * had a * * *, and in * * * * * of the * of his *, * * * of the * * *. There were
72 * of both sexes * to form the * *, * account of * and difficult *, * were forbidden in *.
* England and in * * * had the * of their * * by the * * of the day. * * * * * *, * * * *, with a large dog, * to bring out the * *. * * * * a great number of * at the Court * *, and in one of his * * * * * accompanied by her * * *. * of these * have been * *. In the * * *, * *, *, and in the "Triumph of *" * * * * are found, as well as in other * * * *. At the present * * * * seem to have * * * *, * in a limited *.
* * must be *, however, that many of the * before the public have been * *, possibly augmented by comparison. * * * at a meeting of the Natural * * * * it was demonstrated by * * * * * the brain * of the body, * to the average proportion of adults, * to
30 to * The subject was a * * * who died *, and was said to have * after his * * * * * inches and his * *. * of the head * mm. and the brain * *. and was * *. This case was one of * of development, affecting all the organs of the body; * * *. He was a child of large *; had two * * * * * size and two * *, * * * and the other * *.
* * * in history have been *. *, * * *, * * *, * * *, *, * * *, * * * * * *. * * of the * century the * * * * * * * * * * *. * *, * *, * such a success in * by the * * * he was named the * *. * died in * * * *, * * * (who was about * in height and the father * * by a wife of about the same *, * * * * * * * *. * * * *.
*, a member of * * * in the last *; *, * * * * * * *; * * * *, *, * * * * * below the average * * says that there were * * * * from their * must have * * * Order, and who were * * * * *) *. * * * of them * preserved in *.
It may be * * * * women are predisposed to give birth to *. * had a * and a * * *. In the middle of the * century a * * * *, and in the * century a * * had a * as small as he was. * * * * * *, had a * * * * * * * * * * * who was only *, *, about the length of a * *. * * * * size, but * * * who was * *.
There are two species of dwarfs, the first * into the world under normal conditions, but who in their * * with a sudden arrest of development provoked by *; the second are born very small, * *, * * * from their birth; as a rule they are *, *, * *. These two species can * by an important characteristic. The rachitic * the first class are incapable of * * * those of the second category have proved more than * *. A certain number of * * * * of normal height and have had * *, * * not, it is true, * * * of their *; but we have instances in which * * * and had a family sometimes quite *. * * inches) and * *, * *, * * *, *, and of normal *.
* * of some of the most * * will be cited with a short * mention of * interest in their *.
* *, who was * * * * was a *, and was noted for * *, *, and as a *. * *, the most * * *, * * * * * * At the age of *, * * over a foot *, he was presented to * *, * * *, in a *; * * * * *. * * * he was said to be not more than * * * * * to about *. In his youth * * *, * with a * *, which is * * * * *. He became a popular and *, * * * * * * to his * * command of a * company and * * *. Both in * and physical * * * *. At one time he was sent to * * * * for the *, who was a *. * * * * by the name of * to fight * *, * * * * *; * * * * * *; * * grew out of his * * * * * *. He was accused of participation in the * * * by his * * in the * * *, * * died in at the advanced age *. * * * of the Peak" * *. * * * * * *.
About the same * * * had a * in his * * * *, who was remarkable for * * * * * as a * *. * * * * of his *, * *, * * * * *, about his * *. * * * *, five of whom * * * age and were of *. * * at the age of *; her husband * * * * * * * * *, * * *; * * * * * *.
* there was born of poor * * * * a child * * *. He became a very * *, * * * * * * * * a woman * * * * he had * *. He was one of the smallest * *, * * * in height. * * * *, * * * * and with great * * * * * *. * * a great * * returned to his *, * * * * *. He was very intelligent, and * * * *, especially by one *, * * * * * tall, and *.
* * * * * *, * known as *. He was born at * in the * * he was * *. *) *, * * at birth, and * on a * to the * * *. At five * * * * * * *. * * * * *. He was of good *, * * * * *; *, * did not * his mother * * *. He was * * in his *, * * * of good * * * * * * * *, who was * * * *. * * * in a very * condition, and his * * in the * of Natural History * *. * his death * * * to a female * * *, * at one time * * * * * * *, together with an older *. * * * *, and both * and her * * * * in height. * died in * * gives a picture of a * * of the * * * who was only * *, * * *; * * of some * who were not over * *.
There was a * * * * *, born in who was * all over *. He became * * * * * * fairly well. In at the age *, * * in height, * * a woman * *, * * * * * * *. * * in many countries, and finally * * *, * * died in at the * * * *, and is buried by the side of the * *. * * * *, * * * * * *, died in at the age of one *. * * are striking examples of great age in * * * * much interest. * * * * * and three of his * * *; three of the * * * *. * has written a * this family.
*, * * * * in height, died in * * * * years. In childhood he had been a * * * * * * * * * *. * * * passed in and out of * as an infant * * *, * * * * which might * dangerous to carry in any other *.
* *. *, *, there is the following * on a *: "In memory * * *, * * * * the 4th day of May, at the age of * *, * * in the *, and one of the most * was born in *, in the * * *, * *. * * * at the age of four, when she * * *. * was shown in many * * * * * * *; * was very *, * * * *, and had * * *.
* there was shown in * * * by the name of * *, * in height, and his *, *, who was * *. * * was a great * * * a small *; * * years they had * * * *. * died in * * so much * * that he * * * *.
* shows a female * with her husband and child, all of whom * * * * since in the * *. * * of the child to the mother * *.
* * * * * * high, and * one individual, * *, * * *, * * the smallest * on record. * * * * * * * * * * who was * * *. * * * of a child of three or four; * * delayed until it was two years old and it did not * *. The parents of this * were of * *.
At the *" * * * * there was a * * of ten *. He was said to be the * of an * * the time of his * * * *. * * * * six months and at the * of that time * *; since then, *, he had only * * * arrest of development seemed to be connected *; although the head was no larger than that of * of two, the anterior * * * *, * there was pressure within. He was * and muscular; * * in his *; * * *; * * * * *; he was expert in many kinds *; * * * * desire for * * * *.
* described a boy of five and a half, at the * * for Children, who * * * * * * *. * * * * *, * * the sense of *. * * were large * formed, but he was * *. * *, * * normally, but * * contractions of the spine * * * *.
* * * * * * and a half * * * inches and weight *, * * *. * * her mother had good health and both * * * * *. * seemed to stop growing at * *. * * * on a par with the rest of her * she would * and again she would * * for a long time. She had a * * with a * * on her *. * * * were shed in the * and had been replaced by * and right * * * on the right side. There was no indication of * a slight development of the hips. * * * *, but could * * letters and * * *. * of the head * inches, and * * * * * * * *, as well as *; * * the case as one of * represents a most * case of a * * *, *, * * * *, * *.
In recent years * * * * the popular *, but none so much as * * *" * * * * *. * *, * *" was born at *, *, * * 1832;
he was above the normal weight of the *. * * * * * *, * * * * less than *, * of this phenomenon in his *, * *, * was shown all over the world under * * name. He * * * * * and in the following * * received by the * Family in *. * * *, and even the most * * * * * *. * * *, in which he * in a *; but his * *" * * the women who *. It is said that in * * * * * *; * * * on his success in this * * * * * * *. * * * * * and had * a large * * * * * * * * * *, * * *" * * *" * * * * *, and by her * * *, *, who died * after birth of cerebral congestion. In * * * *, *, were still *, * * that they * * * and have * *.
* the wife of a * * * * birth to * * *, * *. * is only * in height * * is even *. They were * * * * * * * * * * under the name * * *. *" being the smallest * * * *. At the latest * the mother and her * * *.
* * * have been * * to the public. * *, * * *, * * * * *. * is the * * children and is said * * * * * in height; * is said * less than * * but is * *. They give * * * and are apparently *. * that they were examined and still * * * of the * * *.
Next to the success of * *" * * * * has been so * as the *" * * * so many * have in late * *. They were * * * * * composed entirely of *; * * * in all their *, which were * several years and * recently in all the large * * United States. They * themselves to be * * * in the class of * known as *. * * could be *, * from the fact that they * * * * * * * * * *, they were collected from the * * *.
* * *" was born * * * According to a recent * she is * formed and is * *. She is * tall and * *. * were of normal *.
* * since the * * the death of * *, * * *, * * * were never *; but there is no doubt that she was the smallest * * In this country. * * made a * * and her * * among the highest * to modern *.
* *. *, * * *, at the age of * * * and was only * *.
* development is characterized by a * growth of the subject, * at an early period of life * * * * adult. In some of these instances the * * * * puberty, and after * the adult * * early age there is an apparent cessation of the * adult life the individual shows no distinguishing *.
The first to be considered will be those cases, sometimes called *" characterized by early puberty and * in infancy. Histories of * * * transmitted from the time of *. * * * * History" of * that in *, * had a * * * * * *) in three years; * * to have little *, * * mind, and a slow and * * * * *, and he * at three of general * says that *, the brother * * *, * *, a young man, a mature *, an old man, and * * children all in the space of seven years. It is said * * * * * was born so long before * time that * * skin; in his second year he was *, in his * * succeeded, in his * * he had a complete *, * * he was *, in his * he had * * in his * * *. * * of a boy * * * ten years * a female. * there was a * * *, * *, who had the external * * * * months, and at the time of his death at * he had the appearance of an old man. He was * *" * * and some of the * * instances of * * * *.
It was said that * *, who was born at * *, * *, *, * * * * * form and * after the completion of his * * * * * * *, * like a *. * penis and testes increased in size, * * * * * on the *. At the age of three he was * * tall and * *. The length of * * * * inches and the circumference * * * *, * * * * * *. He was reported to be *, *, and muscular. An old * says that in *, * * *, * *, * * * was born on the 26th of May, a boy * *, * at five years * of the height of a boy * * * the genitals of a man. * * *, * work, and in every * * * *, who were * *.
There is a case * by the older authors of a child born in the * * * at the age of four * * of his *, * had a beard and the height of a man. The same * * of a boy of six, * *, who was * and had * *. * * * *, together with the * * *, * * appearance of a man * *.
* * presented to the Medical * * * a child * *, * *, who had *.
There are on record * * cases of early puberty in boys, one of whom * at five with the signs of premature *; * * he had shown signs of enlargement of the * * * * * at three * * * * *, and had * *. One of the * a child * at birth * * * * * *. From four to * * * * *, * * age of three * * * * *. At this age * * * high and * *. The last * was an infant * experienced a change of * * months and * * on the *. At three years he was
3 * * tall and * *. *, * *, records the case of a boy * * * of four * well developed; at the age of six he was * * tall and * *; * lower extremities * * * and his * were as * as those of an adult. He had a short, * * * * on his *, * * pubic hair * *, * *. * describes a child of three and a * who was * * and muscular as one at *. * * * organs and long * * on the *. * * * * four or five times a day; he had * * voice, and dark, * * on the * and upper lip.
* * * account of a boy of four who looked like a child of ten * * * sexual organs of a man with a * of hair on the *. * * * said to have been * beauty and a * model of an *. * * * * * and weight *; the penis * * * *; he was intelligent and *, * * * covered with the * * *. A peculiar * * this case was the statement of the father that he * * * * * *. * * this case * others that he has collected from medical * * reported the case of a boy * * * at three years and one * * * *; * * * * * inches and when * *, but the * were not developed in * describes a * * of three years * and a * * * * * * and weight *; * about the chest inches and about the waist *; * * at rest * * long and had * * *, although the testes * *. He had * of a beard and his * * *; it is said * * with ease * a man * *. * * * covered with * * and had a * *, but it was not known whether he had * *.
* * a boy of seven with severe * complicated with * which he had * from a * * * * *. At the * * * * * * * have been observed to *. * * * * * * *, * * a case of * of four who was * * * * * * * was not detected * * * *; * * * in a * state of *. * * * * of three in whom * attacks of * * * *' *. * * * * * ten to twenty * *, two of them *, *.
* describes a boy of five years and two months * during the year * * * and seminal *. * * * and he had a * * on his upper lip * on the *; * * * * inches and * * *. * penis and * were as * as those of a boy * * * *, * * * * one would * * to be *. * * * of women and would not let * * * * * * *.
* * of a boy of three and a half * * and who at five and a half had a * of adult *, * on the * * known to have had * *. * * * of six years and * * who had the appearance of * * *. He was * * tall and was *. * * * signs of * * * * of his second year and when three years old he had * * *. There is an instance in which a boy of thirteen * with a young woman at least a dozen * * * * her. The same * * * in which a boy * * succeeded in * * of the same age. * * of a young * * * * sentenced to one * * * * * * *.
* describes a boy of four years and three * who was * * tall and * *; * * * and coarse, and his penis and testes were of the size * of an adult. He was * *, *, *, * *. It is said that he * * * and had * *, although no * found in the semen *. * * * * * * *. The history of this rapid growth says that he * unlike other * until the third *, * * * a small * several hours he was taken with a *, after which * * began to change and his * to develop.
* * the case described by * * * * *, who was born on * * *, * size. At the age of six months * * * * in an extraordinary *. At the age of six years * * * * inches) and * * * * * manifested in every *; * * society of children and * * * in their * showed a * * * who had been * * * ten years. * * * * * * * on his * and his external genitals * * * at the age of two years they were fully developed * * * changed in the following years. At times * * * *. * four and * * * * *, but it was not determined * * * *. He had the muscular development of * * *. He had * several years. The * * * from his failure to * *.
The accompanying * represents a boy of five years and three months of age * * at this time * * * * * far beyond * * at this age, * * resembling those of a man * *. * * * covered by a *, and the * * * * *.
* * on the * * * * in the * * *, *, says that when only * * * * * * in height and * *. * * by the * * * * * to be the * * of his *. * * a boy * * * * at the age of three * *. *, * there was shown an infant * * * was more remarkable for * * * *. * * * *, * * * *, * *. He had * *, * *, * * * that of a * * in the *. * a description of a giant *. There is * * a the report of a boy * * * * * * * * *. He was said to have been of * from infancy and was * in several * * *.
* * * * an extraordinary instance of rapid growth in a boy * * * * * * * *.
Large and Small * * are many accounts of * infants who were characterized by their * * * we have * * instance of twins * * * hundred and * * * * less than *; * case of a female * at the one * * * * *; * case of twins * fifth month, * * * and the other * *; and on * is an account of * *, * *. * * * * * * * * * * * of one * by a * * * with the * of the * * *. * * * month of pregnancy * * * * * by a *, but she * to term, and a living * * * * but a * and was * * * *. It was brought to England and died at the age *, * * *. * * a child * *' * * * * and was * *. * a living * * at birth * * * *, * * * * was born at * *, *.
* * * the birth of a child * *, and another *. In the * * there is * * * * says that *. *. *. * *, *, * birth to a boy * * that could * in the * of the hand of the *. * * * * *, * * * *, the other * *. They were less than * long and *; they were not only * but extremely *.
There is an account of female * born in before term. One * *, and over * *, forearm, and hand * * * * *. The other * * * * to adult life; the larger * and was * of two *, * * * *. The other * *, and although not a *, * *; she had * * third week. * describes a * *.
On the other hand, there have been * characterized by their enormous size at birth. Among the older *, * * * which at birth * *; * * * * *; * * * of a * * * *. * * in his *" * * * * * *. It is worthy of * * so great * * of these instances that in cases, in the *, *, only one * * *.
There was a child born in * * * * * * * *. * * a woman * of male *, * * * * * * *. The placenta * *, and there was * * * * *. Both the * * * well formed; the parents were of * stature, and * * the mother was * *. * * * * *; * * * * * *. * * of the birth of a child *, a male, * * * * and was *. It was * about the chest, *, * likely to live. The mother, who was * * *, * * * * * of large size. In this instance the gestation had not *, the delivery * spontaneous, and there was * of the parts.
* says that on * *, there was a child * * *. * * was not severe and * * of the family * * *. * a woman, * *, who had a most difficult * * an extremely large *. She had been * * *, and by * * * * * a child * *. * first child * * * and her *, the one *, * * * soon after delivery.
There is a history of a * * * * who was delivered by the forceps of her first child, * * * which was * long. The circumference of the * *, of the neck and of the thigh *.
* * of a child * * at birth. * describes a male * who was born on * * *, * * * of the same *. * the case of a woman who * having three * * had a child * * *. In the delivery * * * of the anterior wall of the vagina; * * *, together with an inch of the rectum, * *.
* describes a birth of a young * * *. * mother was *. *, * * *, * * * * *. * * * *, but she * * of a healthy * * * * long. The * * * * * * * * of amniotic fluid.
There is a recent record of a * * performed on a woman * * in her * pregnancy and one * *. The fetus, which was * * * * *. * * of the birth of a * * * *. *) * * *. * * had been induced at the * * the hope * * a living *, the three * having all been * * account of their *. Although the * * * *, * * * * * * so great as to render the * *.
* * * * of the body are most * anomalies and must not be * * * *, in both of which there is similar lack of *. There seems to be no satisfactory clue to * of these *. Most frequently the left side * * developed, and there is a * difference in * of the extremities.
* * a case of a child affected with congenital * * associated with patches of *. * * * in the right half of * in a child of four, * * shortly after * * * of a case of congenital hypertrophy of * *. * * * were among the first * * * *.
* * * * reported a case of * in a * of ten. The whole * half of the body * * * * * than the left, resulting in a * * * reaction and the * * * *. * was first * when the child * *. * * * * *.
* * an unusual case of * in a boy of ten. There was * * in the family history, and * * suffered from none of the diseases of * * * at birth, but not to such a * as at a later period. The increased growth * entire right half of the body, including the face, * * noticeable in the leg, *, * *. * * * * * over the * * * on the right side, * on the * of the leg. The accompanying * * * * at the time of report.
* * the history of a female * of three years with nearly universal * * *. At first * * * diagnosed as *. * * the face, the genitals, the left side of the trunk, * * *.
* records a case of * in a female * of one year. The only * * * excess of size of the * was shown in the * * *, which were of * size as on the other hand; and the left side * * in any of its * * a little * * * *. * hypertrophy of one side is the * of such cases, the author suggests that there may * condition of * upon the other side, and he is * * that in this case the *, hand, and foot of the left * * below the average of the * age. In this * in others * *, there were * spots of * * * * *. * * * * to the * * * instance of * * a female * of nineteen months. The right side * * * * was believed to be due to a deficiency of * the left side as well as * of the right. * * * on the right side and one on the left.
* abnormality of the adipose *, causing in * * augmentation of the natural volume of the * be described with other anomalies of size and * may be *, as seen in the * or in the * * women and men, or it may be general; and it is of * that we shall * *. *, * * *, will be left for another *.
The cases of obesity in infancy and childhood are of considerable interest, and we sometimes * cases that have been * of "congenital *" * represents a * * * * * *. * * example of infantile *, known as * * describes a female * not a year old * * *. There is an * on record of a * of four * * * * * * of five * * * and had the strength of a man. * says that * of fat did not * until some time after * * * * given to * * * * * * * * * * at the age of six * * * * *; * * * inches and the * * * * *. * was the offspring * parents, and lived in * and sometimes *. The child * intelligent and had an * * *.
* * * * * * * * * *. There is an * * of a young * * * * * * * * *. *, * *, describes a child * * at birth * *. It was * * * * like a child * *, except that it had an enormous development of *. The parents were not * large, and the * that she had had children before of the same * * a child who was * * * * * * * * danger of *; *, * *, * * all its * when two and a half, * * remarkable for its * *. * shows a * * * *, *, * * * * * *. * * * *, * * * * * * * and was * * * * * * around the waist. * * *, * *; neither of the two * over 7
pounds at birth and both began to grow at the fourth *. *, * * at an * in the * * * * * *" at the age of five. She had * * face and was * *. * * * height and larger around the breast and *; * * inches and * * * *. *, *. *. * * married to the only * * * * *; * * * * * * * * *. * seven years she had * * *. * * * instances of *. The first was a * * * at birth * *; * six months, *; * four years, *; * twenty years, *. * *, * * * * * * and was * *. There was a child * *, * * * *, * * * months was * * tall and * * * * *. * * at the age * * * *) * * * the waist. He was * * *. There was a * * who was * * *) high and * *. * * * * and her * * * *. She spoke with difficulty in * *; she had a most * *.
At a meeting of the Physical Society of * * * there was shown a * of five and a half * * 250
pounds. She * * * * * *; owing to * of fat on her * * * * like an * was no tendency to obesity in her *. Up to * * * * * by her mother, and subsequently * *, milk, and * *. * *, who was * descent, was * never to *.
* describes a child * at birth * *, * * * * * *, and at * * 98
pounds. She was not * * two years old and * * * *. The parents were not * *. * * instance of a boy of thirteen and a half * * *. * * of a child of four * * * * noted a child of the same age * * *, * * *, * of an infant three years and * * who had a * * *. * knew of * of five * * *. * * * * * * *. * * * * age of three * *, * at the age of * *, and a third at the age of two * *.
* * * * *" * *, a recent *, * at the * age of thirteen * * * tall and * *.
* * has been chiefly in Great * and in * that the most remarkable instances of obesity * *, especially in the former * * * * *. In some * * has been considered * of the female sex. * refers to the * *, * * * ten years old are subjected * * * * * *, * *, * * * * * * and the * of young * they are almost * * mass of fat. * *, * * * * * * * * * on a diet of dates and a peculiar * *.
In some nations and families obesity is hereditary, and * come and go without a change in the * of the *. In other people * * persistent, and efforts to overcome this * * are without *.
Treatment of * persons, the most famous of whom * *, have advanced * to reduce * * * *; but they have been * *, * * subject of * * * * * * *. *, * in a case of * treated with the thyroid * the subcutaneous fat * with the continuance of *, * led to adopt this treatment for * * * * *. The diet of the patient * *, and as the appetite was not * by the treatment * of weight * * due to other causes * *. * holds that the observations in *, *, and psoriasis * the belief that the thyroid * a material having a * * * * of the * * * upon the * * skin in general. There were patients in all; in * * entirely satisfactory, the loss of weight * * much as * pounds). Of the three cases in which * was not *, one had nephritis with *' disease, and the third *. * * * * of thyroid * * * benefit. So * * administration of the * * * the loss of *, but with the renewal of the * the loss of * * to a certain *, beyond which the * * to act. * * * * results from * of obesity.
* Instances of * * * * men and women have been the object of * and the number * * * * *. Nearly every * * * has its example, and some of the most famous * this way * able to accumulate *.
* has written * a long * on persons of * who in the * times were * for their *. * a description of *, * * * *, who was * that he was in * danger of *; * * * he was in a * * *, * * of very *. * doctors had * put in the back of his * * * from falling asleep * * up and thus * danger of suffocation. In the same * * * * * noted for their *; among others * * * *, * * *, * * fat that, according *, when he * he had to be supported on both *, when he was * at a *, he would * * * and execute * * * * *.
According to old chronicles the * * * * * * * * to lose their * and were * *. During the Middle *, according to * * * * *" * was considered a * * *.
Among the prominent people in the * * noted for their * * *, * * * *, * * * *, * * *, and others. Among men * modern times we can * * * *; * *; * * *; * *, Count of *; * * * *; * *, Count of *; * *, * *; * *, * * *; * *, * *; * * * *, who died in *, * * * *; * * * *; *; * *, * * *, * *.
Probably the most famous of all the fat * * * *, * * in the * * * *, * did not differ from other * * *. * * * * * of a * * * * *. * * * began to believe he would be very * * * *. * * * * with ease * * * * * while standing on one leg. In * *; at this time he became * as to *. * *, * * * * *, * * * * around the body and over * around the leg. He had * *, and it is said *, when the * * came to see *, * * * * * * * * needed for a *. * * about
3/4 of a *, * * that one of his * would be * * * * * * *, sometimes called * * * *" * * *. In the same * * * weight is an account of a man * * * * *.
*, a physician, * an enormous *, wrote a * * obesity and used his own * for a *. * * * *, who was * * fat that a * * * * * * * *" * * *, who was * * that this * * * *.
* *, * * *! and do not * *, * * * *. *, in all this *.
* * * some instances, a few of which will be cited. At *, * * * * *, * * with a single * * * * * died in * *. It took * * * to his *. *. * * *, * * * * *, * * in a * that was * * * *. * there was * * *, * * *, who was * * * * *.
*. *, * * * * *, who died in * *, * * * * * * * *. The two * * * *, * * *. * * in his * * of a * * who in passing through * had to use *; * says that * * *. It is recorded on the * * *, * * * * *, who died * * * * * a whole * * * and a * * *. * * a young * living in * * accustomed to * pounds of * *. * died in
1724 at the age of *, * *. * * died in *, * *, a person known as *" * * at the breast * inches and * *. One of his * * * of wheat. * 1822
there was reported to be a * * who could not * * * * * * *. The fat of his * * * like the fat in the legs of * *. *. * * * * who died of * * * * * * * *. * of a man who * *, * * * * * *. * * * speak of obesity * as to cause death. There is a case reported from * of a person who * *. * * * *, * * * *, * * *.
* gives the history of * *, * * * * for her *. * was born in *, * * *, * * * *, at which * * * * * * of her * * *. * * her husband, * * * *, * * * * *. * * *, in whom * * * *. The last * * when she * * years old. Neither the * *, * * *, which sometimes * her to * * *, * the progress of the *. At the * * * * * * high and one * * * *. * * * small and her * * *. * * * over a * * * * as low as the umbilicus. * * * elevated and * her body by the fat in her *. * * * * * augmented by six *. * * * * in proportion to her * *. * * * * * * * * * * * * *.
* * * instance of a woman * * * * *, the time of her *, * *. * * to mount * * * * in the *, * * place to place, * * not in *, * * * *. * *, who lived in * *, *, died of excessive * at the age *, * *. * * * speak of a * * * * * *. At birth * * *, * six months and at four years *. He was * * tall and the same in *. *, * * of the * * * *, * * * tall and * *. * * * around the *, * the waist, * * around the calf. He was born * * and was not quite * * * * illustrate the rate of *, * * * * months and at ten years *. He was one of a family * *. * * was not more than the average, * * * as regards the use of *, but a great * * *, he was intelligent and *. * * *, a member of an * * *, * * *, * * in bed * * * * *; * * unable to turn on her * * *.
There was a * who died * * * * * * * * or more. In * * * * *; * * * could not * * from her *, * she could not pass through the door the idea was abandoned. * There was a * woman who died * * * * *, exceeding the great * * * *. * * this case * the Medical Record * * there was a man * * *, who was born in * * * tall and * * *, * * man that * *. * says that he * * * * *, * * *, * * of obesity. * * was only * able to * * * a close resemblance to * *. * her to leave * *. The accumulation of fat * *, back, and * was enormous.
According to a recent number of * *, a young woman * *, * * * years old, * * * * * * * and her * *. The same * says that on one of the * * * * seen a * * with whom * * * * *. It is said that this * of the * * * * * * * * * * *. There is another * report of a * * * * * more than * * * five times as much as an * person. When * finds the greatest difficulty in * * * *, and as a rule * * in the * * represents an extremely * woman with * *. To end this list of obese individuals, * an old * living in * * *, * * *, * * in his * year and
14 * each of seven * *.
Simulation of * *, *, *, *, and various other * in which there is * change of the connective tissues may be mistaken * obesity; on the other hand, a fatty, * * simulate the appearances of pregnancy or even * *.
* * * has described a variety of obesity which he has * * *" in which there is an * of fat, * *, * * all over *, this condition differing from that of general * * *, in the mental symptoms, in the headache, and * * * * of. In some of the * * * * found that the thyroid * * * * * deposits. The disease is not * there is no * *, * * * * *, * alteration of the *, *. * it a *- * * * of various stages, * * *. * * * * was a * * * *, who died * * *. * * * * * * to enlarge. * *, the enlargement * * *, back, and sides of the chest. The parts * elastic, and there was no *. In some places the * *, in others it appeared as though * * * *. The skin was not thickened and the muscles * involved. In the right * there was * * * *, and this was present in a lesser degree in the left * * * *. * * * * * * * * over the left arm and chest, and later on * and on the front of the chest. The temperature was * * case was a * * * *. * tissue was very * distributed, and * the same as in the previous *. At the * * * *, and the fat over the abdomen * * *. The third case was a * * in whom * * * masses in various * * * *, * outer and posterior aspect of either arm, and two * over the *; there was * prominence of the *. At the autopsy the heart * *, * * below the umbilicus * * * *.
* * contrast to the fat men are the * * *" * men who have attained * * * * of the normal adipose tissue. The * * * * * that it was said that he * * * * to prevent * * * * * * of that of * * *, *, * * * from his *, * hardly be moved to his *.
* *, * died in * * * * age and gradual * a little *, * *, * *. He had been * * * * as a *; he had never * * *, and for the * years of his life * more than *. * * * * * *, all of whom * normal and * * * * *, * * * * * * of old *. * There was a "living *" brought to * * by the name of * *. He was born in and was in * *. * * * in the course of a day * * * * a small quantity of *. * * * *, over which the skin was * *. * from the chest to the spine * less than *, * * * * less. The * of the * * *. He was in good health and * *. * was very weak and *. The circumference of this * was only *. * * * has made * * *.
* * * * * skeleton. In he was in the * at the battle * *, and had * * in the * * *. At this time * * * * * years old. * * * * *, * * * *. He was in * health and could * * of wood * *; he was the father of four *.
* * of a man * who was * years of age and only * *. He was * * *: * measured in * inches and his * *. * *, both internal and external, * *. * represents the * * *" *. *. *, who has been * * * *. * good health and * * * * *.
In some instances the * * *" are merely cases of extreme muscular atrophy. As a prominent example of * * *, * * * at the age of * * *. * * another case * * condition of all the tissues of the * * *. * persons are always * * all the symptoms of progressive muscular atrophy, * therefore be * with the true examples of * which the health is but * affected or possibly * * *.
* * *.
*.
Scope of the Present * limits of space in this work * * a scientific * upon the * subject of longevity, and the reader is referred * of the modern * devoted exclusively to this subject. * * examples of extreme * found in the human race * * * object to lay before the reader the most * * * that have been * *, * the source of the information, * possible to * *, and to report * * points of * *. Throughout the article * * * * to show in what * *, *, * * longevity, and in what state of mind and body and * * man has obtained the highest *.
* * have been * * * * * * * accounts of * *, * that there has never been an instance of a man * the century * * age has been * * *. * * * * *. * * * * * since the * * * * * * * * mentioned in history * * * * at its occurrence has reached * * *. * taken the * * in life in which to find * their field of *. * is always most common * middle and lower classes, in which we cannot expect to * * * * * *.
* * * * in his * * * *" says that in * * *" for a period of one hundred and * * * * * * * *. * * * the same * had no * who lived * *, * *" had only one at *. In an * * was in a person who died at one hundred; and in * lived a * at one hundred and * * * * hundred and *. On the other hand, a writer * * * points out that an * * * * * a list of * of almost * * and many *, but the majority of * * *.
* * * * we must remember that it has only been in recent years that the middle and lower * * have taken * on their lives. * * * and those exposed to early * * in the * *.
*. * of the * * * * * * expectancy that show that males and * * are alive at one * years. The figures * on the * of the years *.
* * * * in the *, *, *, * * * are said to indicate * was considered * *; yet many * * * * * * * * this, and even the pages of * * * * results of * *.
In all * work of an individual type the histories of the lower classes are almost *; in the * * * lives and * of the most prominent are thought * *. * * * * is too * * * *, * * not being * * *.
* * * say that the natural term of the life of an animal is five times the period needed for its * * as the time of * in man, * * of human life would be one hundred and five. * * * it at one hundred and three and a few months.
* * *. *, * * * *, is credited with saying that out of every
1,000,000 people in * * * to be one * *, * an average of one to * says that during * of ten years, from * * *, * deaths of persons past the age of one *, * *, with a population of of one in * * * between one hundred and * and five; * between one hundred and five and * * *; * * between one hundred and * * * * *; and one was one hundred and *. Of the
203, * females and *. There are people in * are more than * years of age. There are who are * * * years old. One person is one hundred and * *, two are one hundred and *, and the remaining 18
are from one * to one hundred and *.
In the * * * * there is an account of a report of *. * * * *. * * the possibility of a man * * * * * report of interest.
* * * to the * * * * with the *.
* census of * has been taken in *, and the results, which have been published, show that there are now * this country persons who are over * * * * * * women, the * * * * * * to show * who are * * * * * *" after the * of a century. The * * of the * * * has led to the * * * * tending to explain this phenomenon. * of the longevity of women * * to be, * * propensity to * * and to *, * * * *, it is said, to the active * * *, while the body * * * *. * * * *, * commenting on * of the relative longevity of the sexes, * * of woman in the matter to the * *, * in general * * a more * * * * a man, * life is so often one of *, *, *. * * these theories, however, the * * * is not devoid of interest in some of *. * * an old * who fought under the * * * * the century * last year. * * the St. * * * * * * * * *, and who lives at * *, * * * * hundred and three years old, and has been * * * years a sort of * * * * *. It is a rather * * in connection * examples of * * that in almost every instance * is a person in the * * of life. * * * of these *, * * * * * * * * * * of modern times. * *, * * * hundred and fifty years, * in a * in the * *, * she had * * *, * during the * * * life on * milk and *. * * * * * * to the last, * her body * * * * degree, and her skin was * *.
In the last ten years the St. *' * * * track of *, of whom * men and * *. * to the * * * * * * * * within the last * *.
It may be interesting to review the statistics of *, who has collected the greatest number of instances of extreme * *.
persons who lived * * persons who lived * * * * * * * * Effect of *, *, * for the sake of *, all the instances of extreme * * * have been * persons in the lower * of life * * parts of the country, * * * * * * * to verify *. It must also be said that it * among people of this class that we can expect to * of the instances of extreme longevity of * * inhabitants of the higher * of life, the population * * communities, are living in an age and * * incompatible with longevity. In fact, * of nervous * * * by the * * business and mode of living * predisposes to *.
Those who object to the reliability of reports of * seem to lose sight of these *, * * * * * cannot be obtained * * * without giving the subject * thought and * tending to substantiate the multitude of instances * * of such * * *, *, *, *. * * * * * told that a man * * * at one hundred and * * that he * *, as people when they get on in years are prone * * as to the number of their * * * hardly be *. One of the strongest * * * * * in his own life the statement * were no *.
It is commonly believed that in the earliest periods of the * * the lives of the * were more * *; that these * * * * * strength, and most * duration of life. It * * * that we are * for the origin of * *. Some have not * * * * * * the height of * and the age of almost * years; but according to * * * * that the * of the early * was not the same * used in the present *. According to this same * has proved that the year at the time of * * * * *, that it was * extended to eight, * in the time of * * *. * * * is said, * * * * months to the year; * the opinion of *, and, as * *, * * * why the life of man should be * * immediately after the flood.
* * * * correct, the highest * *, that of *, * * *, will be reduced to * *, * * that can hardly be called * * * of such an abundance of reports, to which * * * modern times have approached, and which * * * *, *, * * *.
* and the * * * desire for long life and the acquisition of * * * been the stimulus * and physical *, * * * we have it now. The fundamental principles of nearly * of modern science were the gradual * * * of the old * after the *" * * of life." The long hours of study * in the * for this * were of * to the * generations; and to these * of the Middle *, and even of ancient *, * * * for much in this age of *.
With a * people to work *, many of the * of the discovery of the * secret of * * must be * * * * * * for themselves. In * * * * that by the means of * he had * * * * * * * * * * * * * * with a * age. In * * * * * *. * * * * * appeared 
